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VOL 92

Ent

US ISSN 0013-872X JANUARY & FEBRUARY 1981 No 1

AL NEWS

Notes on Atylotus & description of a new species from eastern No. Amer. (Diptera: Tabanidae)

L. L. Pechuman \

Species composition & seasonal abundance of carrion beetles (Coleoptera) in an oak-beech forest in Great Swamp N.W.R., N.J.

P.P. Shubeck, N.M. Downie, R.L. Wenzel, S.B. Peck 1

New species of Rhogosana & Ponana (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from Central & South America

Dwight M. DeLong 1 7

Notes on yellowjacket parasite Bareogonalis canadensis (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae) D. Carmean, R.D. Akre, R.S. Zack, H.C. Reed 23

Polygynous colony of Vespula pennsylvanica

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae) R.D. Akre, H.C. Reed 27

Larvae of alderfly (Megaloptera: Sialidae) from

pitcher plant Thomas N. Mather 32

Annotated list of treehoppers (Homoptera: Membracidae) of Delaware

C.E. Mason, J.E. Love 33

Two rare species of Ephemeroptera in lower

Mississippi River L. G. Sanders, C.R. Bingham 38

New species of Janetschekbrya (Collembola: Entomobryidae) from Costa Rica

Richard J. Snider 39

Notes on Collembola of Pedregal de San Angel,

Mexico Jose G. Palacios-Vargas 42

New geographical records for some fleas ( Siphonaptera) from the Black Hills of So. Dakota

Emmett R. Easton 45

New records of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from

New Hampshire John F. Burger 49

Amnestus radialis Froeschner, 1960, senior synonym of ,4. sexdentatus Froeschner, 1960 (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) R.C. Froeschner 51

NOTICES 22,50

BOOK REVIEW 48

BOOKS RECEIVED & BRIEFLY NOTED

37,47,52

THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

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Vol. 92. No. 1. January & February 1981

NOTES ON ATYLOTUS AND DESCRIPTION OF

A NEW SPECIES FROM EASTERN NORTH

AMERICA (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE)1

L.L. Pechumam

ABSTRACT: Tabanus incisuralis Macquart and Tabanus intermedius Walker belong in the genus Atylotus. a. incisuralis is not Nearctic and the first available name for the North America! species currently called incisuralis is insuetus Osten Sacken. A. intermedius is regarded as a distinct species. Atylotus woodi from eastern North America is described as new.

Through the kindness of John E. Chainey of the British Museum (Natural History), I have been able to examine the type material of Tabanus incisuralis Macquart (1847) and of Tabanus intermedius Walker (1848). Both are species of the genus Atylotus Osten Sacken (1876) as has been recognized by previous workers.

Atylotus incisuralis (Macquart)

The type locality is given as "America" but the type shows no close relationship to any North American species. Its affinities seem to be with a group of Palaearctic species that includes fulvus (Meigen). loewianus (Villeneuve) and quadrifarius (Loew). It is quite different from the Nearctic species now called incisuralis (Philip, 1965). The first available name for the latter is insuetus (Osten Sacken, 1877) according to Philip (1965).

Atylotus intermedius (Walker)

This species has been placed as a synonym of incisuralis but is quite different from the type of incisuralis which, as noted above, is not Nearctic and also is distinct from insuetus. A. intermedius has a small rounded basal callus and a linear median callus (Fig. 1 ) whereas insuetus has two roundish callli (Fig. 2). The western A. tingaureus (Philip) (Fig. 3) and the eastern species described below (Fig. 4) have calli similar to insuetus. All other Nearctic Atylotus lack frontal calli.

In addition to the syntype female of intermedius, which I hereby designate as lectotype and have so labeled, and the male syntype. both from St. Martin's Falls, Albany River, Ontario, I have seen a female from Isle

'Received October 18, 1980.

"Department of Entomology, Cornell University. Ithaca, New York 14853.

ENT. NEWS 92(1): 1

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Royale, Michigan, and a female and male from Chippewa County, Michigan. The male agrees well with the syntype male of intermedius. Both have long hairs on the upper occipital border that recurve over the eye (Fig. 5) as is the case in most eastern species and the western A ty lotus tingaureus (Fig. 7), but is not the case with imuetus (Fig. 6) or the species described below (Fig. 8). I regard intermedius as a distinct species.

Atylotus woodi n. sp.

Holotype 9. Length, 10.5 mm.

Head. Frons 3 times as high as width at base, grayish yellow pollinose with recumbent yellow hairs and more erect black hairs near vertex; frons with two black roundish callosities well separated from each other and the eye margins (Fig. 4). Eye yellow brown (greenish brown in life) with (in life) a purple diagonal band extending from edge of frons 3'4 across eye; eye with many fine, pale, short hairs. Subcallus pollinose, concolorous with frons. Upper portion of cheeks concolorous with subcallus, with many yellow hairs; lower portion of cheeks more gray thafi yellow; beard pale yellowish gray. Antenna wholly yellow, scape and pedicel paler than flagellum; scape and pedicel with stiff black hairs plus fine pale hairs below on scape; basal plate of flagellum with tooth barely indicated; length of basal plate 1.3 times greatest width and 1 .3 times length of annulate portion. Palpus very pale yellow; first segment with long, fine, pale hairs; second segment rather stout at base, gradually tapering to a point, with stiff black hairs and fine pale hairs below near base. Proboscis brown.

Thorax. Dorsum, including scutellum, very dark gray, somewhat paler gray anteriorly, with a single narrow middorsal dark line reaching nearly to scutellum, and with recumbent yellow hairs with a few black hairs intermixed; prescutal lobe (postpronotal lobe) grayish yellow with stiff black and fine yellow hairs. Pleura gray with pale yellow hairs above and gray hairs below. Legs yellow, fore tarsus brown and middle and hind tarsi darker yellow; fore femur and fore and middle tibiae mostly black haired; middle and hind femora mostly yellow haired: hind tibia with black and yellow hairs and tibial fringe black. Wing membrane clear including costal cell; veins brown; venation normal with all posterior cells wide open at margin and no spur at bifurcation of third longitudinal vein (R4 + 5). Halteres yellow.

Abdomen. First tergite dark gray with posterior sublateral margins yellow and yellow haired; tergites 2, 3, and 4 with a median rectangular fuscous spot completely crossing tergite (except for barely indicated pale posterior border of tergites 2 and 3) forming a broad median stripe; laterally these tergites yellow with concolorous hairs and at edge of each tergite a vague dark spot with dark hairs; tergite 5 with yellow area greatly reduced and following tergites all dark except for narrow yellow stripe at extreme edge; the integument shows no pale median markings but patches of yellow hairs present in center of tergites 2, 3, and 4. The venter of abdomen completely yellow and yellow haired.

Allotype cr. Length 10.25 mm.

Head. Frontal triangle and upper cheeks yellowish gray, the latter with pale yellow hairs; lower cheeks gray; beard white. Eye brownish green with traces of a short diagonal purple stripe; line of demarcation between large upper eye facets and smaller lower facets quite distinct below, but smaller facets extend laterally around larger facets and above them where the sizes blend with no line of separation; upper occipital fringe of pale, short hairs not recurved over upper eye margin (Fig. 8); eye heavily haired with hairs pale and much longer than in female. Antenna as in female but basal plate relatively more slender with length 1.54 times greatest width; basal plate 1.18 times length of annulate portion. Second palpal segment 1 .6 times as long as thick, pale yellow, almost white, with long black and fine white hairs.

Thorax. Similar to female but dark median line and two pale stripes flanking it are nearly obsolete; hairs of dorsum much longer than in female, pale grayish yellow. Legs as in female

Vol. 92, No. 1. January & February 1981

»\^»M(, ,(|l),^t. Y^1

Figs. 1-4. Atylotus females, frons. 1. intermedius, 2. insuetus, 3. lingaureus, 4. woodi.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

but apex of fore tibia grades to a darker yellow. Wing as in female.

Abdomen. Dorsum much like female but black median band narrower so that yellow lateral margins more extensive and dark lateral spots obsolete although dark hairs in this area remain. Sternites 1 and 2 with small gray median spot and sternites 6 and 7 mostly gray; remainder of venter yellow with yellow hairs except sternite 7, which has black hairs.

Holotype and Allotype. S. of Lot 31, Cone. Gore, Puslinch Twp., Wellington Co., Ontario, 15 August 1963 (L. L. Pechuman). Canadian National Collection No. 16288.

Paratypes. ONTARIO: Same data as holotype and allotype, 1 2 99, 8 cf d"; Same locality as types, 24, 28,29 August 1962,5 99, 8 cfcf(D.M. Wood), 1,2,7, 12 August 1963, 25 99, 22 cftf (H.J. Teskey) plus 12 99, 7 cftf reared by H.J. Teskey in 1963, 1964, and 1965; Spencer Ck. Cons. Auth., Beverley Swamp, 1 mi. N. of Valens, 30 August 1962, 1 9 (R.M. Idema); Moosonee, 1 c? reared by H.J. Teskey in 1961. ILLINOIS: Cedar Lake, 4 August 1906 "bog", 1 9. WISCONSIN: Kegonsa State Park, 1 1 August 1970 "marsh area, trap- COi", 1 9 (Eugene Devenport).

Paratypes will be deposited in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History), California Academy of Sciences, Canadian National Collection, Cornell University, Illinois Natural History Survey, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Ohio State University, U.S. Museum of Natural History, University of Wisconsin, J.F. Burger and G.B. Fairchild.

Variations. The series is quite uniform. Length of females ranges from 9.25 to 10.5 mm with a median and mean of 10.25 mm; the males range from 10 to 1 1.5 tnm with a median of 10.5 and a mean of 10.75 mm. The ratio of width of frons at base to height varies from 2.9 to 3.4 with a median and mean of 3. 1 . The ratio of length of basal plate to its greatest width varies from 1.2 10 1.4 (median 1.29, mean 1.28) in the females and in the males from 1.18 to 1 .5 (median 1.31, mean 1 .35). The ratio of the length of the basal plate to the annulate portion of the third antennal segment varies from 1.27 to 1 .4 (median 1 .3 3, mean 1 .3 2) in the females and in the males from 1.11 to 1.24 (median 1.18, mean 1.17). A few males have the extreme base of the hind femur vaguely darkened. In the reared Moosonee male, the hairs on the dorsum and pleura of the thorax and on the abdomen are bright yellow and the median dark markings on the abdomen are reduced on tergites 3, 4, and 5.

Atylotus woodiis the only species found in eastern North America that has frontal callosities, except for intermedius, which has a linear median callus, not rounded as in woodi. The males lack the long recurved hairs on the upper occipital margin that are present in all other eastern species, including intermedius.

The affinities of n-ood/lie with the western A ty lotus insuetits and related forms although it seems to be well separated geographically from these. A. insuetiis and A. tingaureus usually have the hind femur partly or wholly darkened, the prescutal lobe often is concolorous with the rest of the mesothorax, the venter of the abdomen is extensively darkened and the bifurcation of the third longitudinal vein frequently has an appendix. A. insuetiis is very variable in abdominal color, varying from all dark to mostly yellow; when the abdomen is yellow laterally as in woodi, the median dark marking is usually divided into two stripes by a pale line or series of triangles; in the few exceptions to this, the middle and hind tibiae were partly black, the prescutal lobe dark and the venter had extensive black markings. A tylotus utahensis (Rowe and Knowlton), considered by Philip (1965) to be a variety of insuetiis, has all yellow legs but the abdominal pattern is obsolete and the frontal callosities are usually greatly reduced.

Vol. 92, No. 1, January & February 1981

8

Figs. 5-8. Atylotus males, lateral view of head. 5. intcrmcdius. 6. inxucius. 1. 8. wootii.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Unlike A. insuetus, which attacks man and animals, A. woodi did not attack collectors in the Puslinch area. Both sexes were swept from vegetation. The capture of the Wisconsin specimen in a CO2-baited trap may indicate that it occasionally seeks a blood meal. Its habits may be similar to A. ohioensis (Hine), which only occasionally attacks man or enters CO2-baited traps even in areas where it is known to be fairly abundant.

It is a pleasure to name this species for D. M. Wood, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, who first called my attention to an eastern Atylotus with frontal calli./l. woodi is the species reared by H.J. Teskey as "Atylotus species C" ( 1969). He describes the immature stages and gives a detailed description of the habitat.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to thank Dr. Teskey for the loan of specimens. I also wish to thank Dr. Teskey and Dr. John J.S. Burton, who read the first draft of this paper, and offered valuable suggestions. The figures were drawn by Catherine Komar Outlaw.

LITERATURE CITED

Macquart, J. 1 847. Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. 2nd supplement. Soc. Roy.

des Sci. de FAgr. et des Arts, Lille, Mem. 1846: 21-120. Osten Sacken, C.R. 1 876. Prodrome of a monograph of the Tabanidae of the United States.

Part II. The genus Tabanus. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Mem. 2: 421-479. Osten Sacken, C.R. 1877. Western Diptera: Descriptions of new genera and species of

Diptera from the region west of the Mississippi and especially from California. (U.S. Dept.

Int.) U.S. Geol. and Geog. Survey of the Terr., Bui. 3: 189-354. Philip, C.B. 1965. Family Tabanidae. In A catalog of the Diptera of America north of

Mexico, pp. 319-342 by Alan Stone et al. U.S.D.A.. A.R.S., Washington. Teskey, H.J. 1 969. Larvae and pupae of some eastern North American Tabanidae ( Diptera).

Ent. Soc. Canada Mem. 63: 1-147. Walker, F. 1848. List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British

Museum. Vol. 1, pp. 1-299. London.

Vol. 92, No. 1, January & February' 1981

SPECIES COMPOSITION AND SEASONAL

ABUNDANCE OF CARRION BEETLES IN AN

OAK-BEECH FOREST IN THE GREAT SWAMP

NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE (N.J.)1

Paul P. Shubeck2, N.M. Downie3, Rupert L. Wenzel4, Stewart B. Peck5

ABSTRACT: A total of 6066 beetles was collected on carrion in the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge from early April to late November, 1 979. Represented were 62 taxa. which included 58 species, plus three genera and one subfamily which could not be identified to the species level. Over 99% of the individuals belong to seven families: Silphidae. Nitidulidac. Staphylinidae. Histeridae, Dermestidae. Scarabaeidae. and Leiodidae. With the exception of one scarabaeid, Serica sp.. all individuals in these seven families were identified to the species level. Omosita colon was the most abundant species, making up 35.00% of all beetles, and Silpha noveboracensisthe second most abundant, accounting for 29. 1 2% of all Coleoptera. A species list by rank order for the top 1 1 species indicates that these 1 1 species accounted for more than 92% of all beetles collected on carrion during the eight-month long study.

Species lists of the amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals of the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge (GSNWR), Basking Ridge. N.J.. have been prepared by the biologists at the refuge and are available at the refuge office. With the exception of butterflies, however, nothing has been done about insect species lists for the swamp. Our project was initiated by the senior author for the purpose of ( 1 ) determining the species composition and seasonal abundance of carrion beetles in an oak-beech forest in the swamp, and (2) comparing the results with findings in Hutcheson Memorial Forest (HMF), a dry mixed-oak forest near East Millstone, N.J., where a similar study was conducted in 1975 (Shubeck et al., 1977).

The most abundant and conspicuous beetles found on carrion are Silphidae and they are not difficult to identify. Many of the species from other families usually require the assistance of specialists for identification and the senior author was very fortunate to have the services of his co- authors to assist. Dr. N.M. Downie of Purdue University identified all Staphylinidae, Carabidae, and several other difficult taxa. Dr. Rupert L.

'Received July 25. 1980 Montclair State College, Upper Montclair. N.J. 07043

" Purdue University, Lafayette. Indiana: Present Address: 505 Lingle Terrace. Lafayette. Indiana 47901.

4 Field Museum of Natural History. Chicago. Illinois

Carleton University. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

ENT. NEWS 92(1): 716

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Wenzel of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, identified all Histeridae, and Dr. Stewart B. Peck of Carleton University, Canada, identified all Leiodidae. Several other specialists were helpful in identifying or confirming other taxa, and their names are given in the acknowledge- ments.

The primary purpose of this study was to determine all species of Coleoptera that were attracted to carrion in a moist oak-beech forest in the GSNWR from the first week of April to the last week of November in 1 979.

Methods

Our collecting station was located in an oak-beech forest about 1 km northeast of refuge headquarters. This forest is situated in the management area which is off-limits to visitors. The beetles were trapped in four No. 10 food cans (3.78 liter), each of which was concealed in a wooden box having 1 .27 cm wire mesh at the top and a rain cover above that. These traps have been described elsewhere (Shubeck, 1976). They were placed on the forest floor along a north to south line at intervals of 5 meters. The first and third traps were baited with fish (smelt), and the second and fourth traps were baited with chicken legs (drumsticks). Carrion bait in each trap consisted of three "fresh" fish (about 90 gms total weight) or one "fresh" chicken leg (about 90 gms) in a styrofoam cup (.258 1), and three "stale" fish or one "stale" chicken leg in a styrofoam cup (.258 1).

These traps were initially baited with "fresh" carrion on the first Saturday of April, 1979 and on the second Saturday (when the first collection was made) "fresh" carrion was added to the "stale" carrion. Each trap was serviced once each week, throughout the study, at which time the oldest carrion (and cup) was replaced with fresh carrion (and cup), and all beetles were collected and preserved in jars containing 70% alcohol. At all times, therefore, there were two traps baited with fish, each having fish 1 - 7 days old (fresh) and fish 8-14 days old (stale), and two traps baited with chicken legs, each having a leg 1-7 days old and one 8-14 days old. This technique (Pirone, 1974) resulted in the presence of fairly uniformly "attractive" carrion on a continual basis.

Results and Discussion

A total of 6066 beetles was collected in the four carrion-baited traps during the months of April through November in 1979 (Table 1). These beetles represent 62 taxa, which include 58 species, plus three genera and one subfamily which could not be identified to the species level. More than 99% of the individuals belong to seven families which are designated the major families of carrion beetles in the Great Swamp National Wildlife

Vol. 92. No. 1. January & February 1981

Refuge. Of the remaining families, two are considered to be minor families and six are considered to be accidental families. Individual numbers of species are given in Table 2. This table shows also the numbers collected during each of the eight months the study was in progress.

Silphidae: The most important major family of beetles in the carrion microsere studied was Silphidae, the carrion beetles (Table 2). The 2423 individuals accounted for nearly 40% of all the beetles taken. Of the seven species in the family, Silpha noveboracensis was the most numerous, making up almost 73% of the family and over 29% of the order. This species was the second most abundant beetle collected (Table 3 ). It appears to be bivoltine in the Great Swamp, with a major peak in early May and a second, smaller peak, in early July. The second most abundant silphid, Silpha americana, ranked fifth in overall abundance, making up 4.60% of all beetles (Table 3). Well over half of these individuals were taken in July and a quarter in early August. The third, fourth and fifth most abundant silphids were Silpha inaequalis (5. 14%), Nicrophorusorbicollis (5. \6%), and Necordes surinamensis (2.52%). These species ranked eighth, ninth. and eleventh, respectively, in overall abundance (Table 3). Silpha inaequalis was present from the second week of April through the second week of July (during the same period that S. noveboracensis was most abundant). The former population, however, peaked in April and declined rapidly there- after. Silpha inaequalis actually ranked second among all beetles in the HMF study where it accounted for virtually 1 1 % of the order. This species may be near its northernmost boundary in N.J. since Pirone did not collect any of these individuals at Armonk, N.Y. which is about 63 km northeast of the Great Swamp. Nicrophonis orbicollis was the only silphid species that was present each month of the study and it peaked in August when the three Silpha species had declined or disappeared (Table 2). Necwdes surinamen- sis also peaked in August.

Nitidulidae: The second largest family of beetles was Nitidulidae, the sap-feeding beetles (Table 2). The 2131 specimens accounted for 35.10% of all beetles collected, whereas, in the HMF study they made up but 9.99% of the order. Most significant is the fact that Omosita colon actually accounted for all but six of the family members. This amounted to 35% of all beetles, ranking this species in the number one position for Coleoptera (Table 3). In the HMF study O. Colon accounted for almost 10% of all beetles with an overall rank of three. It was taken, in Great Swamp, each week from the second week in April to the first week in November ( Table 3 ) and the species peaked in September when the silphids all but disappeared.

Four individuals of the species Omosita discoidea were also taken (Table 2). This is probably an introduced species which is occasionally found on carrion with O. colon (Parsons. 1943). The former was also collected in very low numbers in HMF. as was the case with Glischrochilus

10 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

quadrisignatus (2 specimens in HMF and 1 in GSNWR). Only one specimen of Nitidula bipunctata was taken in this study but according to Connell (personal communication), both Omositaand Nitidula are the true carrion-feeding genera of the family. They apparently feed on the fluids exuding from the decomposing carrion.

Staphylinidae: The third largest family of beetles collected was Staphylinidae, the rove beetles, and the staphylinids accounted for just under 10% of all individuals. This family, however, did exhibit the greatest diversity of species (Table 1 ). It is interesting to note that in the HMF study this family comprised over 22% of all beetles and more than 36% of all species. It is possible that the very moist soil conditions in the refuge are a limiting factor to the ground-loving staphylinids and, as a result, fewer species and fewer individuals are present. The three most abundant species were Creophilus maxillosus; Aleochara lustrica, and Ontholestes cingulatus and together they accounted for 76.65% of the family, but only 7.62% of the order (Table 2). These three species, none-the-less, were numerous enough to be included in the 1 1 most abundant carrion beetles in the Great Swamp and they ranked sixth, seventh, and tenth, respectively (Table 3). Creophilus maxillosus was present each month of the study but was most abundant in July, August (when it peaked), and September. Aleochara lustrica was most abundant from August into October and manifested a pronounced peak in September. Ontholestes cingulatus was present from May to November but most abundant from July to September. Staphylinids are active predators on arthropods that are found in the carrion community (Arnett, 1963).

Histeridae: Histeridae, the clown beetles, made up the fourth largest family of beetles collected (the position they also held in HMF). In spite of this position, the 398 individuals accounted for less than 7% of all beetles taken. Although 6 species were taken, almost 93% of the individuals consisted of the species Euspilotus assimilis (which was also the most abundant species in HMF). The number of these individuals collected ranked the species in the number three position (Table 3). This species appeared in May, increased steadily into July, peaked sharply in August, then all but disappeared during September and October. Histerid beetles, found on carrion are predators on other arthropods present in this microhabitat (Arnett, 1963).

Dermestidae: The fifth major family, Dermestidae, the skin beetles, was represented by but one species, Dermestes caninus. The 294 in- dividuals accounted for almost 5% of all beetles and in regard to overall species abundance D. caninus ranked in fourth place. It was most abundant during the last week of April and the first two weeks of May. During the latter half of May and through June it was present in moderate numbers. Only seven individuals were taken in July, three in August, one in

Vol. 92. No. 1. January & February 1981

September, and none thereafter. This well known scavenger usually feeds on animal remains and has been used by zoologists to deflesh skeletons for study (Borror et a!.. 1975).

Scarabaeidae: The sixth major family in this study was Scarabaeidae. the lamillicorn beetles. Although nine species were included in this family, the 90 individuals accounted for less than 1.5% of all beetles (Table 2). Trox unistriatus and Onthop/iagus Hecate were the more common species collected, together making up more than 76% of all scarabs but little more than 1 % of the order. Neither one ranked in the top 1 1 species of the order. This family accounted for the second greatest diversity of species, exceeded only by the rove beetles. It is a large family of beetles whose many species have adapted to a wide variety of niches. TVo.vspp., for example, are found on dry carrion while Onlhophagus hecate is a dung feeder and Onlhophagus striatiilus is a fungus feeder (Arnett. 1 963 ). Geotmpes splendidus. a large and beautiful (metalic bronze) beetle, is normally found beneath dung and carrion, Onthophagus orpheus is found on fungi and carrion, and Copris spp. are found on and under dung (Dillon and Dillon. 1961 ). Dialytesspp.. according to Arnett ( 1963), feed by preference on deer droppings. The only scarab species collected that seemed to be completely out of place (on carrion or decomposing animal matter) was Serica sp. According to Dr. Brett C. Ratcliffe (personal communication), the latter taxon is made up of foliage feeders and the three individuals were probably trapped accidentally.

Leiodidae, Catopinae (= Leptodiridae): The seventh, and last, major family of carrion beetles collected during this study was Leiodidae, subfamily Catopinae (= Leptodiridae. the small carrion beetles). The total number of these individuals taken was only one-fourth of the number of leptodirids taken during the HMF study conducted in 1975. As was the case in that study, Sciodrepoides fumatus terminans accounted for better than half of all the family members collected. The 39 individuals, however, accounted for much less than 1% of all beetles and it did not rank in the top 1 1 species of the order. Cat ops simplex and Prionochaeta opaca together made up the bulk of the remaining individuals. The three species mentioned thus far were also the three most abundant leptodirids in HMF. The senior author has often taken these species at carrion; Peck has taken them on human dung (personal communication): and Smith published records ot the latter two collected on old store cheese (1910).

The preceding seven families of carrion beetles have been referred to as "major families" for several reasons. ( 1 ) Twenty years of field work by the senior author indicated that members of these seven families were consistantly associated with carrion. (2) Each of these families, during tlm study, contributed a minimum of 1% of all beetles taken. (3) Together, these families accounted for 99.05% of all beetles taken.

1 2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Minor Families: Two families have been designated "minor fami- lies." The primary reason for assigning this appelation was the fact that the total number of individuals in each family amounted to less than 1 .0% but at least 0. 1 % of all Coleoptera collected. The secondary reason for the use of this category was the realization that, although the number of individuals collected may have been quite small, the presence of the given individuals might normally be expected on carrion.

Family Carabidae, the ground beetles, are predaceous as larvae and as adults so they very well might be expected to prey upon arthropods found on carrion. The 40 individuals taken in this study represented eight species and .66% of all Coleoptera (Table 2). Although not really abundant, they were much more plentiful when compared with the two carabids taken in HMF. According to Arnett (1963), carabids "are found in large quantities under stones along streams and in moist areas." The oak-beech woodland, where collecting was done, in Great Swamp is much more moist than the mixed- oak woodland in HMF. Platynus decentis and Pterostichus tristis together accounted for 80% of the 40 carabids taken at Great Swamp.

Family Cleridae, the checkered beetles, are small to medium in size. Most of the species in this family are predaceous on other insects and they are usually found under bark and around flowers (Arnett et al., 1980). There are three species of Necrobia that have been introduced into the U.S. (Arnett, 1963), and they are commonly called "ham beetles" but they do not hesitate to feed on carrion "when ham is scarce" (Arnett et al., 1980). All six individuals collected in this study were members of the taxon Necrobia violacea (Table 2).

Accidental Families: Of the 6066 specimens collected during this eight-month study, 6056 are included in the seven major and two minor families that have been presented thus far. The remaining ten specimens represent eight different species within six additional families. In view of these very small numbers it seems highly likely that most of these ten specimens either accidentally flew, or crawled into the traps. For this reason, the following families are considered "accidental families" in terms of this study.

Family Mycetophagidae, the hairy fungus beetles, was represented by two specimens of Mvcetophagus pluripunctatus and one of Typhaea stercorea L. (Table 2). According to Arnett (1963), "These beetles probably feed exclusively on fungi." The three individuals were taken during the last week of April and the first week of May.

Family Lathridiidae, the minute brown scavenger beetles, was repre- sented by two individuals of one species, Melanophthalma cavicollis (Table 2). They were collected in April. Most lathridiids are found in moldy and decomposing plant material (Arnett, 1963).

Family Elateridae, the click beetles, was represented by a specimen of

Vol. 92. No. 1. January & February 1981

13

Hemicrepidius decloratus and one of Ctenicera hieroglyphica (Table 2). According to Dillon and Dillon (1961) the adults of the latter are predaceous and are found on shrubs and trees.

Family Hydrophilidae, the water scavenger beetles, was represented by one individual of the species Cryptopleurum minutum (Table 2). This species is a member of subfamily Sphaeridiinae. whose members are not adapted for swimming but are reported as being associated with carrion or dung (Connell, personal communication).

Family Anobiidae, the drug store and death-watch beetles, was represented by one individual of the species Lasioderma serricorne(Tab^c 2). This species is commonly called the cigarette beetle and it usually breeds in stored products such as tobacco and spices (Arnett. 1963).

Family Cryptophagidae, the silken fungus beetles, was represented by one specimen of Anichicera sp. (Table 2). Most members of this family "feed on mold, fleshy fungi, decayed leaves and similar materials" (Arnett. 1963).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The senior author would like to thank Mr. John L. Fillio, Refuge Manager of the GSN WR. for permission to work in the Swamp. Mr. Theodore W. Gutzke, Assistant Refuge Manager, provided encouragement, and general information when called on for assistance. Montclair State College provided a substantial contribution for publication charges and the Alumni Association of Montclair State College provided a small grant to partially defray the cost of supplies for the project. We are indebted to the following specialists for assistance in identifying and/or confirming the taxa mentioned: Dr. Walter A. Connell of the University of Delaware - Nitidulidae: Dr. Terry L. Erwin of the Smithsonian Institution - Carabidae: and Dr. Brett C. Ratcliffe of the University of Nebraska - Scarabaeidae.

Table 1. List of families of Coleoptera collected, showing for each the number of individuals trapped and the percentage of the order this represents, also the number of species and the percentage of all Coleoptera species this represents.

Family

Silphidae Nitidulidae Staphylinidac Histeridae Dermestidae Scarabaeidae Leiodidae Carabidae Cleridae Mycetophagidae Lathridiidae Elateridae Hydrophilidae Anobiidae Cryptophagidae Totals

Individuals

Number

2423

2131

605

398

294

90

69

40

6

3

2

2

1

1

1

6066

Percent of all beetles

39.92

35.10

9.98

6.57

4.85

1.49

1.14

.66

.10

.05

.04

.04

.02

.02

.02

100.00

Species

Number

7

4 14

6

1

9

4

8

1

2

1

2

1

I

I 62

Percent of all beetles

1 1.26 6.43

22.56 9.68 1.62

14.52 6.46

12.91 1.62 3.23 1.62 3.23 1.62 1.62 1.62

100.00

14

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Table 2. List of all species (or nearest taxon) trapped on carrion in GSNWR during 1979. Total number of each captured with percentage this is of family and of all beetles is also given.

Percent ot Percent of APRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVTotal Family Order

SILPHIDAE

Silplia noveboracensis Forst. S. americana L. S. inaequalis Fab. Nicrophorus orbicollis Say Necrodcs surinamensis Fab. Nicrophorus pustulatus Hersch. Nicrophorus tomentosus Web.

NITIDULIDAE

Omosila colon (L.) O. discoidea (Fab.) Glischrochilus quadrisignatus

(Say) Nilidula bipunctata (L.)

STAPHYLINIDAE

Creophilus maxillosus (L.) Aleochara lustrica Say Ontholestes cingulatus (Grav.) Aleochara spp. Aleochara lata Grav. Philonthus politus (L.) Aleocharinae Omalium rivulare (Payk.) Stuphyliiuis viridunus Horn Philonlhus lomatus Er. P. cyanipcnnis (Fab.) Quedius capucinus (Grav.) P. cruentatus Grav. Carpelimus sp.

HISTERIDAE

Euspilotus assimilis (Payk.) Mister depurator Say Margarinotus hudsonicus Csy. M. cadaverinus (Hoffm.) H. abbrcvialus Fab. E. conform is (LeC.)

404

714

254

373

22

—

1 1768

72.95

29.12

3

21

15

166

71 2

2

280

11.56

4.60

71

39

26

3

— —

—

139

5.74

2.30

1

20

3

18

59 18

4

2 125

5.16

2.06

—

—

7

9

43 2

—

61

2.52

1.01

—

2

15

3

5 1

—

26

1.08

.43

—

—

1

5

11 3

4

24

.99

.40

2423

100.00

39.92

108

294

281

170

384 763

123

2 2125

99.71

35.00

2

—

2

—

— —

—

4

.19

.06

1

1

.05

.02

—

1

—

—

— —

—

1

.05

.02

2131

100.00

35.10

5

5

19

36

74 32

6

1 178

29.40

2.92

—

3

7

—

21 127

8

166

27.41

2.72

—

6

12

23

34 30

11

4 120

19.84

1.98

4

11

2

4

23 10

—

54

8.93

.89

10

8

—

2

3 1

4

28

4.63

.47

1

—

—

—

14 5

4

24

3.97

.40

4

6

1

2

1 2

2

2 20

3.31

.33

—

1

—

—

— —

1

2 4

.67

.07

—

—

1

1

1

1

—

3

.50

.05

2

—

—

—

— —

—

1 3

.50

.05

—

—

—

—

— —

2

2

.33

.04

—

—

—

—

— —

1

1

.17

.02

—

—

—

1

— —

—

1

.17

.02

—

1

—

—

— —

—

1

.17

.02

605

100.00

9.98

22

44

83

214 3

3

369

92.69

6.07

—

—

—

—

3 17

1

21

5.27

.35

1

1

2

1

— —

—

5

1.26

.09

—

—

1

—

— —

—

1

.26

.02

—

1

—

—

— —

—

1

.26

.02

—

—

—

—

1

—

1

.26

.02

398

100.00

6.57

DERMESTIDAE

Dertnestes caninus Germ.

68 154 61

1 294 100.00

4.85

Vol. 92, No. 1. January & February 19X1

15

Percent of Percent of APRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVTotal Family Order

SCARABAEIDAE

Trox unislriatus Beauv. Onthophagus hecale Panz. Geotrupes splendid us miampha-

gus Say

Dialytes striatulus (Say) S erica sp.

Trox hamatus Robinson O. orpheus canadensis (Fab.) Copris minutis (Drury) O. striatulus striatulus (Beauv.)

LEIODIDAE

Sciodrepoides fumatus termi-

nans LeC. Catops simplex Say Prionochaeta opaca (Say) Dissochaetus oblitits Lee.

CARABIDAE

Platynus decentis (Say) Pterostichus t rist is DeJ. Pinacndera platicollis (Say) Pinacodera timbata Dej. Pterostichus pensylvanicus LeC. Pterostichus inutus (Say) Chlaenius impunctifrons Say Platynus cincticolle Say

36 30 8

— —

47

52.20

1

64114

4 1

22

24.43

1 121

2 —

7

7.78

2 2

— —

4

4.45

3

— —

3

3.33

1 1

— —

2

2.23

2

— —

2

2.23

1

1

2

2.23

— — — — —

1

1

1.12

90

100.00

16

81126

5 -

39

56.51

9

1 1

1 1

19

27.54

4

1 1 1

2

9

13.05

1

1

2

2.90

69

100.00

1 1

14 1

17

42.50

1 1 2

1 1

15

37.50

— — — — —

2

2

5.00

— — — — —

2

2

5.00

j

— —

1

2.50

— — — — —

1

1

2.50

1

— —

1

2.50

— — — — —

1

1

2.50

40

100.00

.75 .36

.12 .07 .05 .04 .04 .04 .02 1.49

.63

.32

.15

.04

1.14

.26

.24 .04 .04 .02 .02 .02 .02 .66

CLERIDAE

Necrobia violacea (L. )

MYCETOPHAGIDAE

Mycetophagus pluripunctatus

Lee. Typhaea stercorea L.

LATHRIDIIDAE

Melanophthalma cavicollis Mann.

ELATE RIDAE

Hemicrepidius decloratus (Say) Cten icera h ierog l\ -p h ica (Say)

3 6 100.00 .10

1 1 2

1 1

2 ----- - 2

1 1

1 1

16 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Percent of Percent of APRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVTotal Family Order

HYDROPHILIDAE

Cryptopleurum minntiim (Fab.) 1 1

ANOBIIDAE

Lasioderma serricorne (F^b.) 1 1

CRYPTOPHAGIDAE

Anchicera sp.

Table 3. The 1 1 most abundant beetles trapped on carrion in the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge during 1 979, together with the percentage of Coleoptera each represents, and the family of each. Only those species that contributed a minimum of 1% of all beetles are included. These 1 1 species actually accounted for 92.63% of all individuals collected.

Percent of Species Coleoptera Family

Omositu colon 35.00 Nitidulidae

Silpha noveboracensis 29.12 Silphidae

Euspilottis ussimilis 6.07 Histeridae

Dermesies caninus 4.85 Dermestidae

Silpha americana 4.60 Silphidae

Cri'opliilus maxillosiis 2.92 Staphylinidae

Aleochara lustrica 2.72 Staphylinidae

Silpha inacqualis 2.30 Silphidae

Nicrophoms orbicollis 2.06 Silphidae

Ontholestes cingitlatus 1.98 Staphylinidae

Necrodes surinamensis 1.01 Silphidae

LITERATURE CITED

Arnett, R.H., Jr. 1 963. The beetles of the United States. The Catholic University of America

Press. Washington. D.C. 1112 pp. Arnett, R.H., Jr., N.M. Downie, and H.E. Jaques. 1980. How to know the beetles. 2nd

edition. Wm. C. Brown Co., Publishers. Dubuque, Iowa. 416 pp. Borror D.J., D.M. DeLong, and C.A. Triplehorn. 1976. An introduction to the study of

insects, 4th edition. Holt. Rinehart & Winston. New York. N.Y. 852 pp. Dillon, E.S., and L.S. Dillon. 1961. A manual of common beetles of Eastern North

America. Row, Peterson, and Co. Evanston, Illinois. 884 pp. Parsons, C.T. 1 943. A revision of Neartic Nitidulidae (Coleoptera). Bulletin of the Museum

of Comparative Zoology 92, No. 3: 121-278. Pirone, D. 1974. Ecology of necrophilous and carpophilous Coleoptera in a southern New

York woodland (phenology, aspection. trophic and habitat preferences). Ph.D. Thesis,

Fordham University, New York, N.Y. 769 pp. Shubeck, P.P. 1976. An alternative to pitfall traps in carrion beetle studies (Coleoptera). Ent.

News 87: 176-178. Shubeck, P.P., N.M. Downie, R.L Wenzel, and S.B. Peck. 1977. Species composition of

carrion beetles in a Mixed-Oak forest. The William L. Hutcheson Memorial Forest

Bulletin 4(1): 12-17. Smith, J.B. 1910. The insects of New Jersey. New Jersey State Museum. Trenton, N.J. 888

PP-

Vol. 92, No. 1, January & February 1981 17

NEW SPECIES OF RHOGOSANA AND PONANA,

(HOMOPTERA:CICADELLIDAE) FROM

CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA1

Dwight M. DcLong"

ABSTRACT: Two new species of Rhogosana, R. fasten 'n.sp. (Bolivia) and R. amazona n.sp. (Brazil), and three new species of Ponana, P. bailout, n.sp. (Venezuela). P. ornaiella n.sp. (Brazil) and P. areya n.sp. (Mexico) are described.

The genus Rhogosana was described by Osborn (1938). DeLong and Freytag treated the genus (1971). Three species have since been described by DeLong (1975). The genus Ponana was described by Ball (1920). DeLong and Freytag reviewed the genus ( 1967). New species have been added since by DeLong and Martinson (1973) and DeLong and Kolbe (1974). Two closely rehted species of Rhogosana and three species of Ponana are described in this paper. All type specimens are in the DeLong Collection, the Ohio State University.

Rhogosana fosteri n. sp.

(Figs. 1-6)

Length of male 1 3 mm, female unknown. Crown broad, thin, short, more than twice as wide between eyes, at base, as length at middle .Color, crown pale brownish with a few darker areas, especially along margin. Pronotum with median third, anterior to caudal margin darker brownish, widened caudally to width of scutellum. Laterial third, each side, yellowish. Scutellum mostly dark brown with a little yellow coloring in basal angles and along anterior margin. Forewings dull yellowish with small irregular dark brown markings mostly between veins. Veins mostly pale brownish.

Male genital plates almost four times as long as wide at middle, apices narrowed caudally and rounded. Style long and narrow, curved dorsally at apex which is slightly enlarged, blunt, bearing spines on ventral margin near apex. Aedeagal shaft bearing two apical processes which are slightly more than half length of shaft and extend basad. Paraphyses extending two- thirds distance to apex of shaft. Pygofer with a produced, rounded protrusion near dorsal margin.

Holotype male, Sta, Cruz Exper. Sta. Saavedra. Bolivia 2-IV-1979 at trap light. D Foster, V. Gonzales. I. Caballero colls.

'Received September 24, 1980

•^

''Department of Entomology, the Ohio State University

ENT. NEWS 92(1): 17-22

1 8 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

I take pleasure in naming this species for Dr. Donald R. Foster.

R.fosteriis related to R. aldeia DeL. and can be separated by the much shorter aedeagal apical processes, which extend laterally, and the more produced apex of the aedeagal shaft.

Rhogosana amazona n. sp.

(Figs. 7-11)

Length of male 12.5 mm., female 13 mm. Crown broadly rounded, more than twice as broad at base, between eyes, as median length. Color, crown yellow with three broad, longitudinal black stripes, one at middle and one each side between ocellus and eye. Pronotum yellow with a broad longitudinal brown stripe on median third. Scutellum yellow with brown basal angles and a medial brown longitudinal stripe. Forewings dull yellowish, claval and apical portions with brown areas.

Female seventh sternum roundly, concavely excavated one-third distance to base each side of a broad, median lobe, half the width of segment.

Male genital plates four times as long as width at middle, apex rounded. Style with apical third of blade narrowed, apex curved dorsally, slightly enlarged. Aedeagal shaft bearing a pair of short apical processes, one-fourth length of shaft, which extend basally. A pair of short slender paraphy ses extend to two-thirds length of shaft. Py gofer with a basal process extending caudally.

Holotype male Igarape, Acu. Faz B. Susesso, Brazil, Sept. 12. 1964. Apol. Sousa. Paratype female Belem. MPEC. Brazil. July 16. 1973; 1 female Ammanaus Res. Ducke, Brazil, W.L. Overal coll.

R. amazona is related to R. aldeia DeL. and can be separated by the blunter apices of the style and by the broader basal portion of the paraphyses.

Ponana bailout n. sp.

(Figs. 12-15)

Length of male 7.5 mm., female 8.5 mm. Crown broadly rounded more than half as long at middle as wide at base between eyes. Ocelli equidistant between eyes and median line. Color, dull yellow tinged with brown. Crown with 4 black spots, onejust in front of each ocellus near apex and one behind each ocellus near base. Pronotum with numerous reddish brown flecks on disc. Scutellum with anterior portion a little darker brownish than apical half. Forewings dull yellowish with a pair of small dark brown spots on terminus of first pair of claval veins at commissure and a pair of larger spots at apex of second pair of claval veins. Numerous dark brown spots along costa, longer spots at apex of apical veins, cross veins of first anteapical cell and fourth apical cell. Numerous irregular small brown spots scattered over wing.

Female with posterior margin of seventh sternum broadly angularly excavated ' ' distance to base with a slight notch at middle.

Vol. 92. No. 1. Januarv & February 1981

Figs. 1-6 Rhogosanafosterin. sp. 1. aedeagus ventrally. 2. aedeagus laterally. 3. pygofer laterally, apical portion, 4. style laterally, 5. style laterally, apical portion enlarged. 6. plate ventrally. Figs. 7-11 R. umazonu n. sp. 7. aedeagus ventrally, 8. aedeagus laterally, 9. pygoter laterally, apical portion, 10. style laterally, 1 1. plate ventrally.

20 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Male genital plates narrow, broadened dorsoventrally at -i their length then narrowed to form slender apices which curve dorsally. Aedeagal shaft slender, bearing a pair of subapical processes which extend apically along each side of apex and curve slightly inwardly and apically. Paraphyses slender, arising near base and extending to apex of shaft. Apical fifth enlarged bearing a pointed tooth at base of enlarged portion, which is concavely rounded on inner margin and is curved inwardly and pointed apically.

Holotype male. Caracas Venezuela XIM-'39 C.H. Ballou coll.. from Avacado flowers.

P. bailout is related to P. panaDeL. and Frey., and can be separated by the 4 black spots on the crown and by the more prominent apical processes at the apex of the aedeagal shaft.

Ponana ornatella n. sp.

(Figs. 16-17)

Length of female 7 mm., male unknown. Crown broadly rounded, two-thirds as long at middle as width at base between eyes. Ocelli as close to eyes as to median line and on anterior portion of crown. Color, crown yellow tinged with brown, with a large round black spot behind each ocellus, near base. Pronotum without spots, with pale brownish areas along anterior margin and behind eyes. Scutellum dull yellowish with dark brown basal angles. Forewings with a pale yellowish margin, bordered by dark brown spots and lines, on anterior margin along scutellum and for a short distance along commissure. A series of dark brown short lines, mostly portions of black veins, form a diagonal, broken line, extending from apex of claval suture to median portion of costa. The portion of the wing cephalad to this line is dull yellow opaque, the caudal portion of the forewing is pale yellow subhyaline. Veins and cross veins of apical cells, dark brown.

Female seventh sternum with posterior margin slightly roundly produced, almost truncate. Holotype female, Serra Lombard. Limoa, Brazil VIII-24- 1 961 , J. & B. Bechync colls.

The color pattern of this species is distinct and will separate it from all described species in Ponana.

Ponana areya n. sp.

(Figs. 18-20)

Length of male 7 mm., female 8 mm. Crown 3/5 as long at middle as basal width between eyes. Ocelli closer to anterior than to posterior margin and equidistant between eyes and median line. Color, pale grayish yellow, pronotum with four round black spots near posterior margin. One behind each ocellus and one posterior to each eye. A black spot on base of each forewing at humeral angle of pronotum.

Female seventh sternum with posterior margin shallowly concavely rounded each side of slightly produced median third, which is slightly notched at middle.

Vol. 92. No. 1, January- & February- 1981

Figs. 12-15 Ponana halloui n. sp. 12. head and pronotum dorsally. 13. aedeagus ven- trally. 14. aedeagus laterally. 15. style laterally. Figs. 16 I 7 P ornatella n. sp. 16. fore- wing. 17. head and pronotum dorsally. Figs. 18-22 P. a rev a n. sp. 18. aedeagus ventrally. 19. aedeagus laterally. 20. style laterally. 21. plate ventrally. 22. pygofer laterally, apical portion.

22 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Male genital plates almost four times as long as width at middle, apex narrowed, bluntly pointed. Style broadened on median portion, apical fifth narrowed and bent laterally. Aedeagus with shaft broadly U-shaped, notched at apex. Paraphyses broad, blunt at apex, extending to apex of shaft. Pygofer narrowed at apex and rounded.

Holotype male. 2 mi. E. Le Huerta. Baja Calif.. Mexico. Sur. X-9-68. at black light. E.L. Sleeper and F.J. Moore coll. Paratypes: 1 male. 2 females same data as holotype.; 1 1 males and 1 female, 2 ml. N.W. El Triunfo, 1900 ft. el., Baha Calif.. Mex. X-10-68: 1 male and 1 female same except 7.5 mi. W. 1 600 ft. el. X-l 1-68; 1 male& 1 female LaBurrera. 1800 ft. el. X- 1 8-68: 1 female 2.5 mi. S.E. Valle Perido. 2000ft. el.. X- 1 5- 1 968; 5 females & 2 males mi. E. Casas Viejas, 800 ft., X-27-68: 2 males & 1 female 7 mi. W. of Santiago 1 600 ft. el. X-30- 68. All paratypes were collected in Baja California. Mexico.

LITERATURE CITED

Ball, E.D., 1920. A review of the species of the genus Gypona occurring in North America

north of Mexico, (Homoptera). DeLong, D.M., 1 975. The genus Rhogosana (Homoptera:Cicadellidae ) with descriptions of

three new species. Ohio Jour. Sci. 75(3): 126-129. , 1977. Five new species and two new subgenera of Ponana (Homo-

ptera:Cicadellidae) from South America. Brenesia 10/11: 65-68.

., and P.H. Freytag, 1967. Studies of the world Gyponinae (Homo-

ptera:Cicadellidae) A synopsis of the genus Ponana. Amer. Entomol. Inst. 1:(7) 1-36. _, 1971. Studies of the Gyponinae: Rhogosana and four new genera.

Clinonella, Tubcrana, Flexana and Declivara. Jour. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 44:313-324. ., and A.B. Kolbe, 1974. A colorful new species of Ponana. (Homoptera:

Cicadellidae) from Mexico. Jour. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 47: 377-379.

_, and C. Martinson, 1973. Six new species of Ponana (Homoptera:

Cicadellidae) from Central and South America. Ohio Jour. Sci. 73: 176-180. Osborn, H., 1 938. Art. II Neotropical Homoptera of the Carnegie Museum Part 7. Report on the species of the subfamily Gyponinae. Carnegie Mus. Ann. 27: 1 1-62. Pis. 1-5.

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Vol. 92, No. 1. January & February 1981

NOTES ON THE YELLOWJACKET PARASITE BAREOGONALIS CANADENSIS (HYMENOPTERA:

TRIGONALIDAE)12

David Carmean, Roger D. Akre, Richard S. Zack, Hal C. Reed3

ABSTRACT: Bareogonalis canadensis (Harrington) is recorded for the first time from colonies of Vespula \-ulgaris(L.) and V. acadica (Sladen). Emerging parasites are chased or forcibly removed from the nest by workers, but are apparently unharmed. Trigonalids reared in reproductive cells are larger and have one more antennal segment than those reared in worker cells.

The family Trigonalidae is represented by 4 species in America north of Mexico (Carlson, 1 979). All are parasitic. In most cases eggs are laid along the periphery of the undersides of leaves where they are ingested by a foliage feeding intermediate host, usually a larval lepidopteran. Although the eggs hatch inside these caterpillars, the first instars do not develop until the intermediate host is further parasitized by another hymenopteran or dipteran, or predated upon by a social hymenopteran. In the latter case, trigonalid development begins when the caterpillar is fed to the wasp larvae by workers. Further information on the biology of this group is available in Clausen (1929, 1931, 1940), Cooper (1954), Malyshev (1968), and Carlson (1979).

Bareogonalis canadensis (Harrington) was recorded by Harrington (1896) as parasitizing the social vespid Vespa occidentalis Cresson [ = Vespula pensylranica(Saussure)] in southwestern British Columbia. In all probability, though, because of the aerial location of the nest from which B. canadensis was collected, and the presence of a second smaller species of parasitic hymenopteran [probably Sphecophaga vesparum burra (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)] we believe that Harrington actually collected B. canadensisfromanesto{Dolichorespulaarenaria(Fab.).\.he aerial yellowjacket. S. vesparum burra is the only common yellowjacket parasite in the Pacific Northwest and is occasionally found in the nests of D. arenaria (MacDonald et al.. 1975; Greene et al., 1976). It is rare in

'Received September 11. 1980.

Scientific paper number 5737, Washington State University. College of Agriculture Research Center. Department of Entomology, Pullman 99164. Work conducted under projects 4037 and 0037. Financed in part by National Science Foundation Grant BNS 76- 8 1 400.

3Undergraduate research assistant. Entomologist. Museum Curator, and Research Assistant, respectively. Department of Entomology. Washington State University. Pullman. WA 99164.

ENT. NEWS 92(1): 23-26

24 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

colonies of the subterranean nesting V. pensylvanica. B. canadensis has also been collected from northwestern California by Stage and Slobodchikoff (1962) from a D. arenaria nest and from 2 colonies of Vespula pensylvanica from Gabriola Island, British Columbia (Taylor, 1 898).

Collections

From 1974-1980, 170 colonies of D. arenaria, 197 of V. pensylvanica, 43 of Vespula vulgaris (L.) and 10 of Vespula acadica (Sladen) were collected from various locations in Idaho and Washington without en- countering this parasite. However, on 3 August 1979, colonies of V. vulgaris and V. acadica with nests containing the parasite were collected from an east-facing slope of a grand fir [A biesgrandis (Douglas) Lindl.] and western red cedar ( Thuja plicta Donn) forest in Latah County, Idaho. Both colonies were located in the same decayed log with nest entrances 92 cm apart. The V. acadica combs were brought into the laboratory and placed into containers to collect emerging individuals. The V. vulgaris nest was placed into an observation box and screenhouse as described in Akre et al. (1973).

From the V. acadica nest 3 pupae of B. canadensis were obtained: 2 males and one pupa unidentifiable as to sex. Specimens of B. canadensis were first collected from the combs of V. vulgaris on 8 August. As of 21 August, 4 male and 1 female specimens had emerged. Final examination of the combs shortly thereafter revealed 8 additional trigonalid pupae (6 males and 2 females) and one prepupa.

On 1 3 September, a second V. vulgaris colony was collected from a log within 3 m of where the other parasitized colonies had been collected. Again, combs from the nest were placed into a container to collect emerging wasps. Seventeen male and 24 female B. canadensis were obtained from this nest. In all 3 cases, the colonies were also parasitized by the ichneumonid Sphecophaga vesparum hurra.

Behavioral Interactions

Mature trigonalid larvae constructed thick (.4 mm) white styrofoam- like pupal caps just underneath the thin (.08 mm) pupal caps of V. vulgaris. Emerging trigonalids cut round holes approximately half the diameter of these caps. Normally, the cap remnants of V. vulgaris are removed by the workers immediately after emergence. New eggs are laid in these cells by the queen in 20 minutes or less. However, cells from which B. canadensis emerged had no significant cap remnants removed by workers until 5-6 days later, when with just the edge of the caps remaining, the queen again laid eggs into the cells.

Vol. 92, No. 1. January & February 1981 25

Observations showed that although newly emerged B. canadensis adults were either chased out or forcibly removed by workers from the vulgan's colony, they usually escaped unharmed. In one case, a B. canadensis chewed out of its pupal cell but was relatively unnoticed by a worker which was inspecting adjacent cells. Once out of the cell the parasite was antennated by a worker and then ignored. Eventually the parasite was attacked by a worker which flipped it over using her mandibles and then left it. Within the next few minutes workers attacked the parasite twice in a similar fashion. Approximately 12 minutes after emergence, the parasite was carried outside the nest by a worker. Workers were never seen attempting to sting the newly emerged B. canadensis. This behavioral sequence contrasts with that observed with the parasite S. v. hurra. Workers immediately killed and ate the parasites as they emerged from the cells in the same K vulgan's nest.

Our results agree with Yamane and Yamane ( 1 975 ) that body size was dependent on the type of cell from which the parasite emerged. Those from reproductive cells were larger than individuals from worker cells. In- dividuals developed in reproductive cells were 10.4-1 1 .4 mm long with an intertegula distance of 3.0 to 3.4 mm while those from worker cells were 8.5 to 9.5 mm long with an intertegula distance of 2.4 to 2.6 mm. In addition, specimens reared from the small worker cells had 18 antennal segments (with the exception of one which had 1 8 segments on the left side and 1 9 on the right side ). while those reared from the larger reproductive cells had 1 9 segments.

Discussion

The rearing of B. canadensis from 2 species of Vespula combined with reports of its occurring in V. pensylvanica(and possible D. arenan'a) nests shows that this parasite is not host specific. Although a number of yellowjacket species are parasitized. B. canadensis is also not very successful as determined by abundance. Sixteen yellowjacket colonies were collected within a 10 mile radius of the infested colonies, but no parasitism was found except in this limited area. This is probably due. at least in part, to the complex life cycle of the parasite, and to its observed performance as a relatively poor flyer. The ability of B. canadensis adults to disperse after emergence from a vespine nest is probably quite limited.

Since adult trigonalids emerge late in the year (August-September), it is likely that inseminated females overwinter and deposit their eggs on foliage the following spring. If so. the seasonal cycle of the parasite probably coincides with that of the yellowjacket hosts which initiate colonies in the late spring (April-June).

26 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank E.C. Klostermcyer. K. RatTa and L. Corpus for critically reading the manuscript. Steve Woods made many technical assistances during this study.

LITERATURE CITED

Akre, R.D., W.B. Hill and J.F. MacDonald. 1973. Artificial housing for yellowjacket

colonies. J. Econ. Ent. 66:803-05. Carlson, R.W. 1979. Superfamily Trigonaloidea family Trigonalidae. pp. 1197-8. //;

Krombein, K.V.. P.D. Hurd. Jr.. D.R. Smith, and B.D. Bucks (eds.). Catalog of

Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Vol. I-III. Smithsonian. Washington, D.C.

2735 pp. Clausen, C.P. 1929. Literature on the biology of the Trigonalidae. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.

31:77-79. Clausen, C.P. 1931. Biological notes on the Trigonalidae (Hymenoptera). Proc. Ent. Soc.

Wash. 33:72-81.

Clausen, C.P. 1940. Entomophagous insects. McGraw-Hill, New York. 688 pp. Cooper, K.W. 1954. Biology of the eumenine wasps, IV. A trigonalid wasp parasitic on

Rygchium ntgosum (Saussure). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 56:280-88. Greene, A., R.D. Akre, and P. Landolt. 1976. The aerial yellowjacket, Dolichorespula

arenaria (Fab.): Nesting biology, reproductive production, and behavior (Hymenoptera:

Vespidae). Melanderia 26:1-34.

Harrington, W.H. 1896. A Canadian Trigonalys. Can. Ent. 28:108. MacDonald, J.F. , R.D. Akre, and W.B. Hill. 1975. Nest associates of Vespula atropilosa

and V. pensylvanica in southeastern Washington State (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). J.

Kansas Ent.' Soc. 48:53-63. Malyshev, S.I. 1968. Genesis of the Hymenoptera and the phases of their evolution.

Methuen, London. 319 pp. Stage, G.I. and C.N. Slobodchikoff. 1962. New distribution and host record of Bareogonalis

canadensis (Harrington) (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae and Vespidae). Pan-Pacific Ent.

38:97-98. Taylor, G.W. 1898. Note on Trigonalys canadensis, Hargtn. Can. Ent. 30:14-15. with

addendum by W.H. Harrington, pp. 15-16. Yamane, Sk. and S. Yamane. 1975. A new trigonalid parasite (Hymenoptera. Trigonalidae)

obtained from Vespula nests in Taiwan. Kontyu, Tokyo 43:456-62.

Vol. 92, No. 1, January & February 1981 27

A POLYGYNOUS COLONY OF VESPULA PENSYLVANICA (SAUSSURE) (HYMENOPTERA:

VESPIDAE)12

Roger D. Akre, Hal C. Reed3

ABSTRACT: In 1979 a colony of Vespula pensylvanica (Saussure) with three functional queens was collected at Prosser, Washington. This is the first polygynous colony of yellowjackets recorded from a cool temperate area.

All yellowjacket colonies are initiated by a single inseminated queen, the only member of the colony to survive the winter. During the first warm days of spring (April June) the queens emerge from hibernation (reproductive diapause) and search for nest sites. Once the site has been selected, the queen initiates the construction of a small nest of up to 45 cells in which she lays her eggs. At this time, the queen forages for construction materials and for arthropod prey to feed the larvae. However, once the first five to seven workers emerge, they assume all the duties of the colony, and the queen rarely leaves the nest again. Her primary responsibility from this point onward is the laying of eggs. The nest is constantly expanded and successive broods of workers are reared. Later in the season (August - September) the workers build larger reproductive cells in which both males and queens are produced. The colony enters a declining phase shortly thereafter, when workers pull larvae from the comb and feed them to other larvae or discard them. After emergence the new queens and males leave the nest and mate. The males eventually die while the inseminated queens hibernate. The next spring the cycle is repeated. Thus, typical yellowjacket colonies are monogynous and annual . Attempts by other queens to enter the nest usually result in fierce fighting between the intruder and the resident queen and/or the workers (Matthews and Matthews 1979).

However, there are reports of atypical, perennial colonies of yellow- jackets containing numerous queens. While vespines (hornets and yellow- jackets) are essentially north temperate in distribution, two species, Vespu la germanica( Fab.) (Edwards 1976) and V. rulgan's(L.) (Spradbery 1973a, Richards 1978) have been introduced into south temperate regions.

'Received May 15. 1980.

"Scientific paper number 5641, Washington State University, College of Agriculture Research Center, Pullman 99164. Work conducted under projects 4037 and 0037. Financed in part by National Science Foundation Grant BNS 76-81400.

" Entomologist and Research Assistant, respectively. Department of Entomology, Washington State University. Pullman, WA 99164.

ENT. NEWS 92(1): 27-31

28 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Wherever V. gennanica occurs, colonies seem to have a propensity for becoming perennial in the warmer temperate or subtropical regions. For example, perennial colonies of this species occur in New Zealand (Thomas 1960), Tasmania (Spradbery 1973b), Algeria and Morocco (Viullaume el al. 1969) and Chile (Jeanne 1980). Perennial colonies are usually large, and one nest was estimated to weigh 1,000 pounds (Spradbery 1973a). There are also reports of several other species of yellowjackets (primarily in the V. vulgaris (L.) species group) establishing perennial colonies in the warmer areas of their temperate distribution. Huge perennial colonies of V. squamosa (Drury) have been recorded from Florida (Tissot and Robinson 1 954, Akre el al. 1981), and a single perennial colony of V. vulgaris, having 21 comb levels and 22 functional queens, was discovered in California (Duncan 1939). A perennial colony of V. pensylvanica (Saussure) has been reported from Hawaii (Nakahara 1980) and in addition, there is a report of a possible perennial colony of V. pensylvanica in Vancouver, British Columbia (Spencer 1960). However, no perennial colonies have been reported in those species which have relatively small colonies (Dolichovespula spp.) and nests with only one worker comb ( V. ruj'a (L.) species group).

Since 1971 more than 450 colonies of Vespula species have been collected from northern Idaho and Washington. Slightly more than half these colonies were V. pensylvanica and 10% were V. vulgaris. With one exception, these colonies contained only one functional queen. However, a large colony of V. pensylvanica with multiple queens was collected 23 October 1979 and is the basis of this report.

Collection Data

The colony was located in Benton County, Washington 4 miles NE of Prosser. On 22 October when the colony was discovered, workers were still actively foraging. The colony was killed with carbon disulfide after dark. The nest and its contents were excavated the next day and immediately frozen for later analysis.

The subterranean nest was located on a south facing slope protected from winds by a large bank. This area is favored as an overwintering site for honey bee colonies since it is one of the lowest (590 ft. elevation) areas in the vicinity and is situated so the area is basked in sunlight early in the spring.

The bank where the nest was located is extremely rocky, and the nest was irregularly constructed in spaces where the yellowjackets had been able to excavate soil from among the rocks. Although external dimensions do not give a reliable indication of nest size, the nest was approximately 42 cm long x 22 cm wide x 15 cm deep.

Vol. 92, No. 1, January & February 1981

29

Nest and Colony Analysis

The nest consisted of 7 comb levels with 8 combs. The first (uppermost) two combs consisted entirely of worker cells, the next two a combination of worker cells and queen cells, and the final four were entirely queen cells. Thus, this colony had a normal transition from worker to reproductive cells with no reversal to worker cell production. Thirty-six percent of the cells were queen cells and the worker/queen cell ratio was 1.77. This is well within the normal range of these parameters for V. pensvlvanica colonies (Roush and Akre 1978). There was a total of 14,300 cells.

The colony was obviously declining as 5,39 1 cells were empty and more than 200 had multiple eggs (2-4). In addition, there were 1 ,08 1 new queens, 1084 males, but only 510 workers.

Besides the 1 ,08 1 new queens there were three queens that appeared old as evidenced by "age spots" (brownish discoloration of gastral terga II and III) and the frayed condition of the wings. The wings of one of these queens were extremely frayed, the other two to a lesser extent. Dissections snowed that all had fully developed ovaries packing the entire gaster (Fig. 1 ), and

Fig. 1. Ovaries of the three functional queens. The ovary of the probable foundress queen, as indicated by her extremely frayed wings, is on the left.

30 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

spermathecae filled with sperm. All three were functional (egg laying) queens.

Discussion

Although it is not known if the colony had been there the previous year, this is considered unlikely based on size. Most perennial colonies have more individuals and much larger nests (e.g. a perennial V. squamosa nest of 1 20,000 cells; Akre et al 1 98 1 ). However, 1 979 had a warm, dry spring ( Akre and Reed, 1981), and the colony could have been initiated very early, perhaps in March. In addition, the area where the colony was located is probably one of the warmest in the Columbia Basin, an area with one of the longest growing seasons in Washington. During 1979 hot, dry weather continued through October and this gave the colony an extremely long season.

This is the largest nest of V. pensylvanica recorded from Washington. The largest nest collected previously contained 12,316 cells, but most analyzed colonies had nests of 4,000 to 10,000 cells (Akre et al., 1981). However, at slightly more than 1 4,000 cells, this nest was still considerably smaller than nests from a few nonperennial colonies of V. vulgairs reported from Europe. The largest nest collected in Germany had 21,692 cells (Kemper 1961).

Since all three functional queens had age spots and frayed wings, it is highly unlikely that any were new queens from this or a nearby colony that had subsequently developed ovaries. V. pensylvanica queens usually develop these spots only after they are several months old and have been actively laying eggs, typically by late August or early September. Non- functional queens never develop these discolorations no matter how old they become.

Many new queens do not initiate a nest of their own in the spring and, in Washington, are still flying as late as August. Perhaps two of these queens joined the colony. V. pensylvanica queens frequently attempt to usurp control of colonies of conspecifics and those of V. vulgaris (Akre et al. 1 977, unpublished data). If they attempted to join the colony late in the year when queen control was low and workers had begun to develop their ovaries, resistance to their entry may have been minimal. Or perhaps a situation developed similar to that which frequently exists between the social parasite Dolichovespula arctica (Rohwer), and its host, D. arenaria (Fab.), in which a period of coexistence occurs between the host queen and the parasite female (Greene et al. 1978). During seasons with intense intraspecific queen competition an intruding queen may coexist with the foundress queen. An example of coexistence early in the nesting season was a V. vulgaris colony which was collected and killed on 22 July 1980. It

Vol. 92, No. 1, January & February 1981 31

contained two queens but only 1 worker comb of ca. 100 cells.

The development of a large, polygynous colony of V. pensylvanica in the Columbia Basin of Washington, with at least a potential for becoming perennial, indicates that areas such as the Columbia Basin, an island of warmth in the northern tier, could provide a suitable habitat for increasing colony longevity and thus enhancing the possibility of perennial colonies.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Sincere appreciation is extended to Dr. Wyatt W. Cone and L.C. Wright (Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Prosser] for col lecting information on the colony, excavating it. and sending it to us in Pullman. David Bleicher is thanked for colony analysis. W.W. Cone, R. Zack, L.C. Wright and A. Greene critically reviewed the manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED

Akre, R.D., A. Greene, J.F. MacDonald, P.J. Landolt, and H.G. Davis. 1981.

Yellowjackets of America North of Mexico. USDA Agric. Handbook 552 [in press|. Akre, R.D. and H.C. Reed. 1981. Population cycles of yellowjackets in the Pacific

Northwest (Hymenoptera:Vespinae), Environ. Ent. [in press). Akre, R.D., C.F. Roush and P.J. Landolt. 1977. A Vespula pensylvanica/Vespula

vulgaris nest (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Environ. Ent. 6:525-526. Duncan, C.D. 1939. A contribution to the biology of North American vespine wasps.

Stanford Univ. Publ. Biol. Sci. 8:1-271. Edwards, R. 1976. The world distribution pattern of the German wasp, Paravespula

germanica (Hymenoptera:Vespidae). Ent. Germanica 3:269-271. Greene, A., R.D. Akre and P.J. Landolt. 1 978. Behavior of the yellowjacket social parasite.

Dolichovespula arctica (Rohwer) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Melandaria 29:1-28. Jeanne, R.L. 1 980. Evolution of social behavior in the Vespidae. Ann. Rev. Ent. 23:37 1-396. Kemper, H. 1961. Nestunterschiede bei den sozialen Faltenwespen Deutschlands. Zeit.

Angew. Zool. 48:31-85. Matthews, R.W. and J.R. Matthews. 1979. War of the yellowjacket queens. Nat. Hist.

88:56-67. Nakahara, L.M. 1980. Western yellowjacket ( Vespula pensvlvanica)- first record of aerial

nest in state. Coop. PI. Pest Rept. USDA. APHIS 5(14):270. Richards, O.W. 1 978. The Australian social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Aust. J. Zool.

Suppl. Series 61:1-1 32. Roush, C.F. and R.D. Akre. 1978. Nesting biologies and seasonal occurrence of

yellowjackets in northeastern Oregon forests (Hymenoptera:Vespidae). Melanderia

30:57-94. Spencer, G.J. 1960. On the nests and populations of some vespid wasps. Proc. Ent. Soc.

British Columbia 57:13-15. Spradbery, J.P. 1973a. Wasps an account of the biology and natural history of solitary and

social wasps. Univ. Washington Press. Seattle. 408p. Spradbery, J.P. 1 973b. The European social wasp. Paravespula germanica ( F. ) ( Hymenoptera:

Vespidae) in Tasmania. Australia. IUSSI Proc. VII Intcrnat. Congr. pp. 375-380. Thomas, C.R. 1960. The European wasp ( Vespitla germanica) in New Zealand. Inf. Ser.

Dept. Sci. Ind. Res. NZ 27:1-74.

Tissot, A.N. and F.A. Robinson. 1 954. Some unusual insect nests. Florida Ent. 37: Vuillaume, M., J. Schwander, and C. Roland. 1 969. Note preliminaire sur I'cxistance de

colonies perennes et polygnes de Paravespula germanica. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris. Ser. D,

269:2371-2372.

32 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

LARVAE OF ALDERFLY (MEGALOPTERA: SIALIDAE) FROM PITCHER PLANT1

Thomas N. Mather^

Leaves of the eastern pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpiirea] create a suitable habitat for a few species of dipteran larvae, including Wyeomyia smithii (Coquillett) (Culicidae), Metriocnemus knabi Coquillet (Chironomidae), and Blaesoxiphajletcheri(A]drich) (Sarcophagidae). The digestive fluids of these insectivorous plants restrict this habitat, for the most part, to these specially adapted insects. However, a few other insect species have occasionally been found alive in this leaf-contained aquatic habitat (Jones, 1920; D. Fish, Fordham Univ., person, commun.). During a 2-year survey of the arthropod fauna of S. purpurea in a southern New Jersey bog ( Salem Co.), 2 sialid (Megaloptera: Sialidae) larvae were discovered. The first was found in a large, water-filled leaf (pH=6.8) on April 25, 1980. The second was collected May 30, 1980 from a smaller leaf (pH=7.1) approximately 40 m from the first. Both leaves were from plants situated on moss-covered tussocks approximately 20 cm above the surface water of the bog. These leaves had been produced during the previous growing season ( 1979) and contained larvae of both W. smithii and M. knabi.

The first sialid larva was preserved in 70% EtOH and sent to Dr. Lawrence Canterbury (U. of Cincinnati) who identified it as Sialisjoppa. By comparison the second larva was determined to be the same species. Both specimens were in the pre -pupal stage and may have entered the pitcher plant in search of a pupation site. Normal pupation occurs in soil a short distance from the water. The preferred larval habitat of S. joppa are small, shallow streams (Canterbury, person, commun.), yet no larvae were ever recovered from the small stream ( X pH=6. 1 ) flowing through the bog.

Sialis joppa has not been recorded from New Jersey, although it has been collected nearby in Delaware and Pennsylvania (Tarter, et al., 1 978). Therefore this report not only records another insect using the pitcher plant habitat, but serves as a new state record for S. joppa.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am grateful toDrs. William L. Hilsenhoff and G.R. DeFoliart for their suggestions on an earlier version of the manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED

Jones, F. M. 1 920. Another pitcher-plant insect ( Diptera, Sciarinae ). Entomol. News, 31:91-

94. Tarter, D.C., W.D. Watkins, D.L. Ashley and J.T. Goodwin. 1 978. New state records and

seasonal emergence patterns of alderflies east of the Rocky Mountains (Megaloptera:

Sialidae). Entomol. News. 89: 231-234.

'Received September 22. 1980.

''Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin. Madison, WI 53706.

ENT. NEWS 92(1): 32

Vol. 92, No. 1, January & February 1981 33

AN ANNOTATED LIST OF TREEHOPPERS (HOMOPTERA: MEMBRACIDAE) OF DELAWARE1

Charles E. Mason, Jenella E. Loye

ABSTRACT: Sixty-one membracid species are reported for Delaware of which 48 are new state records. The species list includes information on their locality, seasonal occurrence and biology, including plant species association.

Thirteen species of membracids have been previously reported from Delaware (Bray and Triplehorn 1953, Metcalf and Wade 1965. Kopp and Yonke 1973b, c). Nine of these were reported by Bray and Triplehorn in association with red and pin oaks.

The present list includes 61 species, 48 of which are new state records. Records on all but one species ( Ophiderma salamandra Fairmaire) in the list are based upon recent field collections (Mason and Loye 1981) and examination of specimens in museum collections. Determinations of species were verified by Duane Flynn of Michigan State University.

The arrangement of taxa in the list follows that of Kopp and Yonke (1973a, b, c, 1974). Species within each genus are listed alphabetically. Information listed for species collected in this study includes: locality and (or) county, range of seasonal occurrence, host data and biological notes where available. Gleason and Cronquist ( 1 963) was used as a source for the host identifications. For museum specimens, information is given on locality and months when they were collected. This information was obtained from specimens in the University of Delaware Entomological Collection.

More extensive collecting is needed to determine the extent of the membracid fauna in the state. Our list represents a compilation of known Delaware species. However, about 40 other species not listed here have been reported from adjacent states and should be present in Delaware. We hope this publication will stimulate additional investigations on the Membracidae in Delaware.

'Received August 28. 1980.

Respective addresses: Dept. of Entomology and Applied Ecology. Univ. of Delaware. Newark. DE 19711 and Dept. of Zoology. Univ. of Oklahoma. Norman. OK 73019. Published with the approval of the Director of the Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station as Miscellaneous Paper No. 916, Contribution No. 500 of the Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology. University of Delaware. Newark. Delaware.

HNT. NEWS 92(1): 33-37

34 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Family Membracidae

Subfamily Centrotinae

* Microcentrus perditus (Amyot and Serville). Newark, New Castle Co. Aug. 8.

Subfamily Hoplophorioninae

* P/atycotis vittata ( F. ). Newark, New Castle Co.; Georgetown, Sussex Co. June 1 9 - July 4.

Qitercus alba.

Subfamily Membracinae

Campylenchia talipes (Say). Newark, New Castle Co. June 12 -Oct. 3 1 . Erigeron animus, Solidago sp. Nymphs collected from Solidago sp. root feeding at the surface of the ground 4th week of May and 1st week of June. Aggregation and ant attendance seen for nymphs, but not adults. Museum specimens: Newark, New Castle Co., July; Dover, Kent Co., July and Aug.; Glasgow, New Castle Co., Aug.

* Enchenopa binotata (Say). Newark and Wilmington, New Castle Co.; Dover. Kent Co.

June 5 - Sep. 22. Carya glabra, Juglans nigra. Nymphs collected from J. nigra and C. glabra June 3-26 were attended by ants.

Subfamily Smiliinae

Tribe Acutalini

* Acutalis tartarea(Say). Newark, New Castle Co. June 5 -Oct. 1 . Ambrosia artemisiifolia,

Arctium minus, Erigeron animus, Eupatorium sp., Solidago sp. Nymphs collected from Solidago sp. June 10-26. Museum specimens: Odessa, New Castle Co.. June, July.

* Micrutalis calva (Say). Newark, New Castle Co.; Dover and Woodland Beach, Kent Co.

June 26 - Sep. 5. Solidago sp., Spartina sp.

Tribe Ceresini

Hadrophallus boreulis (Fairmaire). Newark, New Castle Co. May 24 - Aug. 3. Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Liquidambar styraciflua. Mains sp.. Moms sp., Solidago sp. Museum specimens: Newark, New Castle Co., Aug.

* Stictocephala bisonia Kopp and Yonke. Newark, New Castle Co. July 21 - Aug. 29.

Arctium minus, Asclepius syriaca, Glycine max, Solidago sp. Museum specimens: Camden, Sep., Nov., and Dover, Aug., both Kent Co.; Newark, July and October. S. brevitylus (Van Duzee). Newark, New Castle Co. Apr. 29 - June 20. Liriodendron tulipifera, Quercus bicolor, Q. borealis, Sambucus canadensis, Smilacina racemosa, Solidago sp.

* S. diceros (Say). Newark, New Castle Co. July 23 - Aug. 1 2. Arctium minus, Sambucus

canadensis. Museum specimens: Odessa, New Castle Co., July.

* S. lutea (Walker). Newark. June 4-18. Museum specimens: Newark, New Castle Co., July

and Nov.

* S. taurina( Fitch). Newark and Claymont, New Castle Co. July 27 -Oct. 12. Liquidambar

styraciflua.

* Tortistilus inermis (Fitch). Museum specimen: "Dunraven", DE, July, 1961.

* state records

Vol. 92. No. 1. January & February 1981 35

Tribe Polyglyptini

Enlylia bactriana Germar. Museum specimens: Wilmington, New Castle Co.. Aug. and Sep.

* E. carinata (Forster). Newark and Wilmington, New Castle Co. May 26 - Oct. 23.

Ambrosia artemisiifolia. Arciium minus. Cirsium pitmiliiin, Prunus serotina. Nymphs collected June 19 July 19 from C. pnmilum. Eggs present in ventral midrib of leaves of C. pnmititm were collected June 2 - July 14. Females seen "brooding" eggs and nymphs on C. pnmilum. Two egg masses had 101 and 76 eggs, respectively. Ant attendance seen for nymphs and adults. Museum specimens: Dover. Kent Co.. Aug.; Yorklyn. New Castle Co.. May and Sep.; Bridgeville. Sussex Co.. Aug. E. sinitata (F.). Museum specimen: Newport. New Castle Co. July 24. 1951.

* Publilia reticulata Van Duzee. Newark and Hockessin. New Castle Co. June 5-29.

* Vanduzeea arquala (Say). Newark. New Castle Co. June 10 - Nov. 12. Robinia pseudoacacia. Nymphs collected May 26 - Aug. 8. Ant attendance seen for nymphs and adults. Museum specimens: New Castle Co.. Sep.

Tribe Smiliini

* Aiymna castaneae (Fitch). Newark. New Castle Co. June 26 - July 27.

* A. querci( Fitch). Newark. May 29 -July 4. Quercits borealis. Q. velutina. R/ius radicans.

R. lyphina. Museum specimens: Dover, Kent Co.. July.

* Cyrtolobus arcuatus (Emmons). Newark, New Castle Co. June 19.

* C. auroreus Woodruff. Newark. New Castle Co.: Redden State Forest and Georgetown.

Sussex Co. May 28 - July 6. Quercus alba. Q. borealis. Q nigra. Q. phellos.

* C. discoidalis (Emmons). Newark. New Castle, and Blackbird State Forest, New Castle

Co.; Millsboro, Sussex Co. June 1-19. Quercus alba, Q. .Vigra, Q. Palustris, Q. Prinus, Q. velutina. Museum specimen: "Gatesburg", DE. June. 1893.

* C. dixianus Woodruff. Newark, New Castle Co.: Georgetown. Sussex Co. May 7 -July 5.

Liquidambar styracijlua, Quercus bicolor, Q. borealis. Q. priinis. Q. velutina. Mating pairs observed on Q. bicolor June 1 and 1 0: copulation lasted more than 1 0 h for one pair. C.fulginosus( Emmons). Newark, New Castle Co.: Georgetown, Sussex Co. May 29- Sep. 22. Quercus borealis.

* C.funkhouseri'Woodruff. Newark, New Castle Co.: Redden State Forest. Sussex Co. June

12-15. Quercus phellos.

* C. fuscipennis Van Duzee. Newark. New Castle Co. June 1 - July 13. Quercus alba. Q.

borealis.

* C. inennis ( Emmons ). Newark, New Castle Co.: Redden State Forest. Sussex Co. June 1 5

Carya glabra.

* C. maculifronlis (Emmons). Newark. New Castle Co. June 4-22. Quercus nigra.

* C. ova/us Van Duzee. Newark. New Castle Co.; Georgetown, Sussex Co. May 29 -July I 2.

Quercus borealis, Q. nigra. Q. velutina.

* C. pallidifrontis (Emmons). Newark. New Castle Co.; Georgetown, Sussex Co. May 29 -

July 13. Quercus alba, Q. bicolor, Q. borealis, Q. velutina, Q. lyraia.

* C. pulchellus Woodruff. Newark. New Castle Co. June 1-10. Quercus alba. C. puriianus Woodruff. Newark. New Castle Co. June 15. Quercus alba.

* C. iiiberosus (Fairmaire). Newark and New Castle. New Castle Co. May 16 - July 19.

Liriodendron tulipifera. Quercus alba. Q. bicolor, Q. borealis, Q. velutina. Mating pair collected from Q. bicolor May 28.

* C. van (Say). Newark and Blackbird State Forest, New Castle Co.: Dover. Kent Co.:

Georgetown and Redden State Forest, Sussex Co. May 25 - July 28. Quercus alba. Q. borealis, Q. marilandica. Q. phellos.

36 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Ophiderma definita Woodruff. Newark, New Castle Co. June 1 4 - July 1 9. Quercus alba. Q. borealis.

* O. evelyna Woodruff. Newark, New Castle Co.; Bridgeville, Millsboro and Rehoboth

Beach, Sussex Co. June 5-6. Quercus borealis, Q. marilandica. On June 6, 1979, 101 males and no females were taken in a black-light trap at Rehoboth Beach.

* O. Flava Coding. Newark, New Castle Co. May 28 - Aug. 28. Quercus alba, Q. velutina,

Rhus radicans.

* O. flavicephala Coding. Newark, New Castle Co.; Redden State Forest, Sussex Co. May

25 - June 24. Quercus alba, Q. borealis, Q. nigra, Q. phellos. Museum specimens:

Newark, New Castle Co., June. O. pubescens(Emmons). Newark, New Castle Co.; Georgetown, Sussex Co. June 1 -July

10. Quercus borealis, Q. velutina. O. salamandra Fairmaire. Kopp and Yonke ( 1973c).

* Smilia camelus (F.). Newark, New Castle Co.; Redden State Forest, Sussex Co. May 25 -

July 10. Quercus alba, Q. borealis, Q. marilandica, Q. phellos, Q. velutina. Xantholobus intermedius (Emmons). Newark, New Castle Co. July 5.

* X. lateralis Van Duzee. Newark, New Castle Co. May 25 - June 4. Quercus bicolor, Q.

borealis. Q. velutina.

* X. muticus(¥.). Newark, New Castle Co. May 22 -July 4. Quercus borealis. Q. velutina. A

female was observed ovipositing June 19 at 1645 hr. on Q. borealis.

Tribe Telamonini

* Archasia belfragei Stal. Newark. New Castle Co. June 10 - July 13. Quercus alba, Q.

borealis, Q. phellos.

* Carynota mera (Say). Newark, New Castle Co. Aug 2-29.

* Glossonotus acuminatus(F .). Newark, New Castle Co.; Georgetown, Sussex Co. June 5 -

Sep. 14. Quercus alba, Q. bicolor, Q. palustris.

* G. crataegi (Filch). Newark and Hockessin, New Castle Co. July 5-19. Fagus grand ifolia.

* Heliria cristata (Fairmaire). Newark, New Castle Co. June 20.

* H. molaris( Butler). Newark, New Castle Co. June 12 -Oct. 1. Quercus alba, Q. bicolor. Q.

velutina. Fifth instar molting nymph was collected from Q. bicolor June 1.

* Helonica excelsa (Fairmaire). Newark, New Castle Co. June 12 -Aug. 17. Quercus alba,

Q. palustris.

* Telamona ampelopsidis (Harris). Newark, New Castle Co. June 26 - Aug. 17.

* T. collina (Walker). Newark, New Castle Co. Sept. 21.

* T. decorata Ball. Newark, New Castle Co.; Georgetown, Sussex Co. June 12 - Sep. 24.

Quercus bicolor, Q. phellos. Fifth instar nymph observed molting on Q. bicolor2nd week of June.

* 71 extrema Ball. Newark, New Castle Co.; Atlanta and Georgetown. Sussex Co. June 15 -

Aug. 25. Quercus phellos.

T. monticola (F.). Newark, New Castle Co. June 4 - Sep. 15. Quercus bicolor, Q. borealis, Q. phellos, Q. velutina. Nymphs collected from Q. bicolor and Q. borealis Apr. 30 - June 7.

* 71 tiliaeEa\\. Newark, NewCastle Co. June 1 3 -Aug. 2. Liquidambar stymciflua, Quercus

borealis. Nymphs collected from Q. borealis June 13.

* T. unicolor Fitch. Newark, New Castle Co. June 6 - Aug. 17. Carver glabra. Two ant

attended fifth instar nymphs were collected the 3rd week of May.

* T. westcotti Goding. Newark, New Castle Co. July 27.

Thelia bimaculata (F.). Newark and Hockessin, New Castle Co. July 7 - Aug. 6. Robinia pseudoacacia, Fagus grandifolia. Museum specimens: New Castle Co., June, Aug., Oct.

Vol. 92, No. 1. January & February 1981 37

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We express appreciation to Dr. J.P. Kramer, Systematic Entomology Laboratory. USDA, c/o U.S. National Museum and Dr. D. Otte, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, for making specimens available for examination.

LITERATURE CITED

Bray, D.F. and C.A. Triplehorn. 1953. Survey of the insect fauna of red and pin oaks in Delaware. Univ. Delaware. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 297. 28 p.

Gleason, H.A. and A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. Van Nostrand. Princeton, NJ.

Kopp, D.D. and T.R. Yonke. 1973a. The treehoppers of Missouri: Part I. Subfamilies Centrotinae, Hoplophorioninae, and Membracinae (Homoptera: Membracidae). J. Kan- sas Entomol. Soc. 46:42-64.

1973b. The treehoppers of Missouri: Part 2. Subfamilies

Smiliinae: tribes Acutalini, Ceresini, and Polyglyptini (Homoptera: Membracidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 46:233-276.

1973c. The treehoppers of Missouri: Part 3. Subfamily

Smiliinae: tribe Smiliini. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 46:375-421.

1974. The treehoppers of Missouri: Part 4. Subfamily

Smiliinae: tribe Telamonini (Homoptera: Membracidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 47:80-

130. Mason, C.E. and J.E. Loye. 1981. Treehoppers (Homoptera: Membracidae) collected at

multiple levels in a deciduous woodlot in Delaware. Ent. News 92:2:64-68. Metcalf, Z.P. and V. Wade. 1965. General catalogue of Homoptera: Membracidae - A

supplement to Fascicle I: Membracidae of the general catalogue of the Hemiptera. Univ.

N. Carolina Press. 2 vols. 1552 pp.

BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED

The following are Univ. of California Publications in Entomology, Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley:

SUPPLEMENTARY STUDIES ON THE SYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS PF.RDITA (HYMENOPTERA: ANDRENIDAE). Part II. P.H. Timberlakc. 1980. Vol. 85. 65 pp. 62 figs. S8.00.

REVIEW OF NORTH AMERICAN EXOMALOPSIS (HYMENOPTERA: ANTHO PHORIDAE) Parts I - IV (subgenera Anttiop/iomla. Ant/iophorisca, Phanomalopsis, Mf^omalopsis. Punomalopsis & Exomulopsis). P.H. Timberlakc. 1980. Vol. 86. 158 pp. 257 figs. $17.00.

(Continued on page 47)

38 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

TWO RARE SPECIES OF EPHEMEROPTERA IN THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER1 2

Larry G. Sandersr C. Rex Bingharrr

During a research effort on the lower Mississippi River from Lake Providence, Louisiana (river mile 480) upstream to Greenville, Mississippi, river mile 530, the following records of rare mayflies were obtained. Specimens have been deposited in the collection of Dr. G. F. Edmunds, Jr., University of Utah.

Spinadis Edmunds and Jensen

In June 1978, a single Spinadis nymph was collected in a 500-micron mesh plankton net drifting at 2400 hrs during a diel sampling effort on the lower Mississippi River at river mile 529. Previous distributional records were from Georgia, Indiana, and Wisconsin. It is not certain whether the known records represent more than one species. The type locality is Georgia and based on distribution patterns of other mayfly species, it is likely that the specimen represents S. \\-allacei (Edmunds, personal communication). Stage of maturity of the specimen agrees with predicted emergence in late June or early July (Edmunds et al, 1976).

Pseudiron McDunnough

On 17 May 1978 two Pseudiron sp. nymphs poss. centralis were collected in a shipek grab sample at a depth of 9 meters in a dike field at river mile 515. Pseudiron sp. was previously recorded from Central Mississippi (LeFlore County) by Berner in 1977. (Berner, 1977). Concomitant water chemistry data were as follows: temperature 18.0 C, dissolved oxygen 8.1 mg/1, specific conductivity 395 mhos, and pH 7.6. Sediment type was coarse sand.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to Dr. Bill Stark, Mississippi College, and Dr. G. F. Edmunds. Jr.. University of Utah, for confirming the identifications of these specimens.

REFERENCES

Edmunds, G. F., Jr., S.L.Jensen, and L. Berner. 1976. The maytlies of North and Central America. Univ. Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. X +330 P., 432 Figs.

Berner, L. Distributional Patterns of Southeastern Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) Bull. FLA. State Mus. Biol. Sci. 22(1): 1-55.

'Received May 30, 1980.

This project was funded by the Office, Chief of Engineers (OCE) and is being conducted by the Waterway Habitat and Monitoring Group, EWQOS, Project VI IB.

Environmental Laboratory, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39 1 80.

ENT. NEWS 92(1): 38

Vol. 92, No. 1. January & February 1981 39

A NEW SPECIES OF JA NETSCHEKBR YA FROM COSTA RICA (COLLEMBOLA:ENTOMOBRYIDAE)'

Richard J. Snider2- 3

ABSTRACT: A new species, Janetschekbrya matthewsi Snider, is described from Costa Rica. This is the first record of the genus for Central America. The species may be allied with J. arida Christiansen and Bellinger, but can be separated on the basis of color pattern, labral papillae, claw and dorsal chaetotaxy. The type locality is Llorona. Parque Nacionale Corcovado, collected from the nests of Microstigmus sp. (Sphecidae).

Recently, a colleague. Dr. Robert W. Matthews, collected the nests of sphecid wasps in Costa Rica. Among the prey stored in them, as larval food, were six species of Collembola. Included in the samples was a new species of Janetschekbtya. This constitutes a new record for the genus in Central America. The type and paratype series will be deposited in the Entomology Museum. Michigan State University.

Janetschekbrya matthewsi, n. sp.

Color and pattern. Background pale yellow to cream. Purple pigment as follows: first antennal segment without purple pigment, segments two to four with light dusting, distally each segment darker: posterio-lateral edge of abdominal segment III sometimes with a small, single macula of pigment on each side: abdominal segment V with a single macule of pigment on anterio-lateral margin; legs and furcula light yellow, without purple markings (Figs. 1 and 2).

Antennae. Longer than head; ratio of segments as 1 : 2 : 2 : 3 (Fig. 3): apical bulb of segment IV in a distinct pit, completely apical (Fig. 4), protective papillae absent: segment III with an apical pair of curved sensory papillae contained in shallow folds (Fig. 5); segment II with two to three outstanding setae located at midpoint of segment (Fig. 6). all other setae normal.

Head. Eyes 8 + 8 with dark pigment, ocellus H half the diameter of C (Fig. 7); mandible with molar plate and apical teeth; four spheroid labral papillae (Fig. 8); labial appendages normal (Fig. 9).

Body. Unguis curving, lanceolate, with a pair of lateral teeth, two small distal inner teeth, and basal outer tooth (Figs. 10 and 1 1 );unguiculus obliquely turncate.untoothed, inner corner strongly pointed (Fig. 12); tenent hair longer than inner edge of unguis: prctarsi lack setulae. Trochanteral organ variable, usually with five apical setae, posterior external and internal setae variable (Fig. 1 3). Corpus of retinaculum with a single heavy seta, rami quadridentate (Fig. 14). Furcula reaching the ventral tube, manubrium to dens ratio 1:1.5: manubrium without ventral scales; dens normal, with ventral scales, with dorsal crenulations: mucro with

'Received September 22. 1980.

The Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens. Georgia 30602. ' Mailing address: The Museum, Michigan State University. East Lansing. Michigan 48824.

ENT. NEWS 92(1): 39-41

40 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

anteapical tooth erect, basal spine strong, not reaching apex of anteapical tooth; distal ventral seta of dens reaching apex of mucro (Fig. 15).

Clothing. Head and trunk with hyaline, serrated scales three times as long as wide (Fig. 16). Body setae of type I, II, III, IV and V (Christiansen, 1958) (Fig. 17). Macrosetal pattern of abdominal segments III and IV as illustrated (Fig. 18). The specimens examined from the samples were in poor condition. They had been tightly packed into the burrows by the wasps, and lost much of their setae and scales when placed in collection fluid. At this time it is impractical to figure the entire setal configuration.

Remarks

According to Christiansen and Bellinger (in press), Janetschekbrya was erected by Yosii ( 1 97 1 ) to include two species from the Himalayas. While the single Nearctic species, /. arida Christiansen and Bellinger (in press) shares similar morphological characters to Yosifs species, it differs by having scales ciliated for 1/5 to 1/3 their lengths. The Himalayan species on the other hand, are ciliated for most of their lengths. Further, arida exhibits a chaetotaxy very different from Yosii's description.

Here, matthewsi differs from arida in the following respects: labral papillae spheriod, not rectangular; external differentiated seta of the labial appendage normally tapered and curved instead of thicker than normal; unguis lacks lateral tooth; unguiculus without external ciliations, and is obliquely truncate, not lanceolate; chaetotaxy of third abdominal segment appears very different between the two species; and finally the restricted pigmentation of matthewsi.

While matthewsi does not exactly fit the genus as described by Yosii, I agree with Christiansen and Bellinger that the species can be placed in Janetschekbrya on the basis of scale form. Until additional species are discovered, it is desirable not to erect a new genus.

The specimens were taken as prey from the nests of Microstigmus sp. (Sphecidae) located in an uncut lowland forest. Collection record: Costa Rica, Puntaremas Province, Parque Nacional Corcovado, Peninsula de Osa, Llorona, January 4-13,1 980, R. W. and J. R. Matthews, collectors. One type on slide, five paratypes on slides, and 86 paratypes in alcohol.

LITERATURE CITED

Christiansen, K. 1958. The Nearactic Members of the Genus Entomobrva (Collembola).

Bull. M. C. Z., 18: 7. 440-545. Christiansen, K. and P. F. Bel linger (in press). The Collembola of North America North of

the Rio Grande. Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa. Yosii, R. 1971. Collembola of Khumbu Himal. In: Khumbu Himal, Innsbruck-Munchen,

4(1): 80-130.

Vol. 92, No. 1, January & February 1981

41

Figs. 1 - IS.Janetschekbrya matthewsisp. Fig. 1 Dorsal view, 2. Lateral view(holotypc), 3. Antennal segments, 4. Apical bulb of Ant. IV, 5. Sensory papillae of Ant. III. 6. Segment II of antenna, 7. Ocelli of right side, 8. Labral papillae (holotype), 9. Right labial appendage (holotype), 10. Claw of third leg (holotype), 1 '. Claw of first leg, 12. Unguiculus of second leg. 13. Trochanter of third leg (holotype), 14. Retinaculum, 15. Mucro, 16. Scales. 17. Body setae. !8. Macrochaetotaxy of Abd. Ill and IV.

42 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

NOTE ON COLLEMBOLA OF PEDREGAL DE SAN ANGEL, MEXICO, D.F.1

Jose G. Palacios-Vargas

ABSTRACT: Seventeen taxa of Collembola, representing fourteen genera, are cited for the first time from the Pedregal de San Angel. Thirteen of these species are new for Mexico, D.F. and twelve are recorded as new for the country.

RESUMEN: 17 taxade Collembola, representando 14ge'neros,son citados por vezprimera del Pedregal de San Angel. 13 de estas especies son nuevas para Mexico, D.F. y 12 son registradas como nuevas para el pais.

Pedregal de San Angel is located in the Southwest region of the narrow Valley of Mexico and is part of the Xochimilco and Chalco region. (Between 1 9° 14' and 1 9° 25' North latitude and 99°08' and 99 1 5' West).

The soil is mainly basaltic rock with an age of about 2500 years. The altitude in the northern part, where most of the samples were taken, is between 2250 and 2400 m. The climate (Garcia, 1964) is Cw2 (w) b (f), and is the most humid of the temperate subhumid climates, with its rainy season during the summer but less than 5% of the annual precipitation during the winter.

The summer is long and fresh with a monthly temperature average between 11.9 C in January and 17.5°C in June; rainfall ranges from 3.4 mm during February to 221 .2 mm in July. The vegetation is a Fniticetum (Rzedowsky, 1954) with the dominant species, Senecio praecox (Com- positae), flowering in September and October.

Some interesting papers have been written about the Pedregal de San Angel, such as that of Rzedowski ( op. cit. ) and Diego ( 1 970) concerning the vegetation, and the works of Bravo (1975), Carbajal (1975), Lechuga ( 1 97 1 ) and Serrano ( 1 970), dealing with insects. There is one paper about the spiders (Ibarra, 1979) but none about the springtails.

Some articles concerning the Collembola from Distrito Federal, Mexico, have been written (Bonet, 1942, 1944, 1945, 1947, Folsom, 1898; Handschin, 1928; Yosii, 1962) in which a total of 34 species have been cited. These are mainly from forests. Nothing has been said about those species occurring in the lava flows or on rocky ground.

During the past five years, some samples of litter and soil have been taken, along the basaltic zone, close to the university campus. The Collembola were identified by the author and determinations were checked

Deceived June 23, 1980.

Laboratorio de Acarologia, Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico 20, D.F.

ENT. NEWS 92(1): 42-44

Vol. 92, No. 1, January & February 1981 43

by Dr. Peter F. Bellinger.

The following list is the result of our study. Most of the specimens are from the northern region of Pedregal de San Angel, except as otherwise noted.

Onychiuridae

Mesaphoruru krausbaueri Corner, 1901. e.vlitter of Eucalytussp., 10-VII-77. J.G. Palacios

col. OnychiurusarmatusCTu\\berg)\ 869. e.\ soil and litter. 15-VII-75, J. Llorentecol. 12-XI-77.

J.G. Palacios col. Onvchiurus cf. folsomi Schaeffer, 1900. e.\ pots from the greenhouse. 6-II-78. L.A.

Hernandez col.

Hypogastruridae

Xenyllacf. humicola(Fabricms) 1780. e.v litter of Eucalyptus sp., 10-VII-76, J.G. Palacios col.

Tomoceridae

Tomocerus flavescens (Tullberg) 1871 ex litter, 15-VII-75, J. Llorente col.

Isotomidae

Folsomides americanus Denis, 1931 ex litter of Eucalyptus sp., 10-VII-76, J.G. Palacios col.

Folsomides angularis (Axelson) 1905. ex litter, 21-VI-79, J.G. Palacios col. fsotomurus sp. ex litter of Eucalyptus, 10-VII-76 and 14-XI-77 J.G. Palacios col.

Entomobryidae

Orchesella sp. nov. near zebra ex litter from the Arboretum and Fruticetum, 2 l-IV-79, J.G.

Palacios col.

Entomobiya sp, ex bark of Pinus sp. from the Arboretum, 3-VII-76, P. Rojas col. Entomobrya cf. sinelloides Christiansen, 1958. ex litter of Eucalyptus, 10-VII-76. J.G.

Palacios col. Pseudosinella sp. nov. near sexoculata ex litter of Eucalyptus sp., 10-VII-76, J.G. Palacios

col.

Seira sp. ex soil, 21-VIII-76, G. Ibarra col Janetschekbrya sp. Collected only in the Arboretum region. Contreras, D.F. ex decomposing

trunks, decomposing Yuccasp., and bark of Pinus sp. 28-XI-76, J.G. Palacios col. 3 100

m msn.

Katiannidae

Arrhopalites sp. near diversus, from Arboretum region, Contreras, D.F. ex decomposing Yucca sp., 28-XI-76, J.G. Palacios col. 3 100 m snm.

44 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Sminthuridae

Smint hurinus elegans( Fitch) 1863. t'.v litter of Eucalyptus sp., 10-VII-76, J.G. Palacioscol. Sphyrotheca sp. near confusa. ex litter of Eucalyptus sp., 10-VII-76, J.G. Palacios col.

The following species are new records for Distrito Federal: Mesaphorura krausbaueri, Onychiiints armatus, O. cf. folsomi, Xenylla cf. humicola, Folsomides americanus, F. angularis, Entomobn'acf. sinelloides, Orchesellasp. nov. near zebra, Pseudosinel/asp. nov. near sexoculata, Janetschekbiya sp., Airhopalites sp. near diversus, Smintluirinus elegans and Sphvrotheca sp. near confusa. Of them, only M. krausbaueri and Janetschekbiya sp., were previously cited for Mexico. The description of the new species will be published in the future.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to express his gratitude to Dr. Peter F. Bellinger, California State University, Northridge, California for his help and advice.

REFERENCES

Bonet, F. 1 942. Notas sinonimicas sobre el orden colembolos Ciencia (Mex. Citv), 3: 56-59.

1 944. Tullberginos de Mexico (Collembola) Rev. Soc. Mex. Hist. Nat'., 5( 1-2): 51-

72.

1945. Nuevos generos y especiesde Hipogastruridosde Mexico. (Collembola ) Rev.

Soc. Mex. Hist. Nat., 6(1-2): 13-45. 1947. Monografia de la familia neelidae. Rev. Soc. Mex. Hist. Nat., 8: 133-192.

Bravo, T.J. 1975. Variacion numerica y estacional de algunos Cicadellidae de la zona del

Senecionetum praecoxisde\ Pedregal de San Angel. Tesis Profesional. Fac. Ciencias,

UNAM. Mexico. 65 pp. Carbajal, T. 1975. Estudio ecologico de los insectos que viven en Wigandia carcasana

H.B.K. deuna zone del Pedregal de San Angel. Tesis Profesional. Fac. Ciencias. UNAM.

Mexico. 125 pp. Diego, N. 1970. Contribucion a la flora silvestre de los alrededores del jardin botanico de la

UNAM. Tesis Profesional. Fac. Ciencias. UNAM. Mexico 185 pp. Folsom, J.M. 1898. Description of species of Machilis and Seira from Mexico. Psvche.

(Camb. Mass.), 8: 183-184. Garcia, E. 1964. Modificaciones al sistemadeclasificacionclimaticadeK'dppen. Institutode

Geologia. UNAM. Mexico. 246 pp.

Handschin, E. 1928. Collembola from Mexico J. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zoo/., 30: 533-552. Ibarra, G. 1 979. Las aranas Labidognatha de la parte norte del Pedregal de San Angel. Tesis

Profesional. Fac. Ciencias. UNAM. Mexico. 134 pp. Lechuga, N.R. 1971. Estudio ecologico de los insectos de Senecio praecox D.C. en el

Pedregal de San Angel. Tesis Profesional. Fac. Ciencias. UNAM. Mexico. 94 pp. Rzedowski, J. 1954. Vegetacion del Pedregal de San Angel. An. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol. Mex.

5(1-2): 59-129. Serrano, L.G. 1970. Biologla de Marathonia nigrifascia (Walker) (Homop.: Cicadellid.)

Tesis Profesional. Fac. Ciencias. UNAM. Mexico. 62 pp. Yosii, R. 1962. Studies on the Collembolan genus Hypogastntra II. Nearctic Forms

collected by Prof. F. Bonet. Biol. Lab. Contr. Kyoto Univ.. 13: 1-25.

Vol. 92, No. 1, January & February 1981 45

NEW GEOGRAPHICAL RECORDS FOR SOME

FLEAS (SIPHONAPTERA) FROM THE BLACK

HILLS OF SOUTH DAKOTA1-

Emmett R. Eastorr

ABSTRACT: New state records for South Dakota and ecological data are presented for the flea species Megabothris quirini (Roth) and Peromyscopsylla catatina( Jordan). New county records are included for Hystrichopsylla dippiei (Roth) and Thrassis stanfordi Wagner.

Our knowledge of ectoparasites in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming consists of fragmented records in the literature. Turner (1974) listed 1 1 species of fleas occurring there in his study of the mammals. The new records supplied here constitute a portion of a more comprehensive study (to be published) of fleas collected from live trapped small mammals during the years 1977, 1978, and 1979. All specimens are in the author's personal collection.

Megabothris quirini (Rothschild)

23cr, 17 June 1977, EE20a; Icf, 18 June 1977, EE21; 599, 17 July 1977, EE35a; 299, 17 Sept. 1977, EE68; 19, 27 May 1978, EE87: 5cTcf, 399, 29 May 1978, EE95. Ex. Zapus hitdsonicus, Spreafish Canyon, 9 miles south of Spearfish along Spearfish Creek. Lawrence County, South Dakota.

M. Quirini was only found on Zapus jumping mice in this area even though 1 2 species of small mammals were examined. According to Holland (1958) this is the only flea species found to regularly occur on Zapus and Napaeozapus mice, but Whitaker (1979) failed to mention M. quirini in his study of Zapus ectoparasites in North America. Holland ( 1 949) listed other rodents as hosts such as Clethrionomys, Microtus and Peromyscus as well as the sciurids Eittamius and Tamiasciums. The occurrence of M quirini in Bottineau and Grand Forks Counties of central and eastern North Dakota (Woods & Larson, 1969) suggests that with further collecting it will probably be found more widespread in South Dakota.

'Received October 6. 1980.

technical paper no. 1725 of the South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station.

'Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University. Brookings, SD 57007.

ENT. NEWS 92(1): 45-47

46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Peromyscopsylla catatina (Jordan)

19, 18 July 1977, EE40; Id1, 19, 30 July 1978, EE119; 19, 18 Sept.

1978, EE78. ex. Microtus pennsylvanicus, Spearfish Canyon, 9 miles south of Spearfish, Lawrence County, South Dakota.

A species believed to be confined to the eastern United States and Canada from Microtus, Clethrionomys and Napaeozapus mice (Holland, 1949). The occurrence of this species in the Black Hills of southeastern South Dakota is a definite western extension of its known range. The Black Hills, considered an isolated portion of the Rocky Mountains, contains fauna characteristic of the western United States, even though eastern forms regularly occur.

Thrassis stanfordi Wagner

6c?cf, 599, 5 May 1979, EE148. Ex. Marmota flaviventris 1 mile north of Deadwood; 19, 5 May 1979, EE 147, Ex. Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, 10 miles southeast of Pluma, Lawrence County, South Dakota.

In the western United States T. stanfordi is continuously distributed from Montana through eastern Wyoming and Utah and the western half of Colorado. According to Stark (1970) isolated pockets of this species are found in northern New Mexico and western South Dakota where M. flaviventris, its principle host also occurs in disjunct populations. The record of 1 1 fleas from Lawrence County in the northern Black Hills (this study) along with records from Custer County in the southern Black Hills (Stark op cit) provides evidence that T. stanfordi occurs throughout the range (even though isolated) of the yellow bellied marmot in South Dakota.

Hystrichopsylla dippiei spp. (Rothschild)

19, 18 Sept. 1977, EE734; 19, 5 May 1979, EE779; Spearfish Canyon, 9 miles south of Spearfish, Lawrence County. Id", 599, 13 Oct.

1979, EE228, Ex. Peromyscus maniculatus, Spearfish Canyon, 5 miles south of Spearfish, Lawrence County.

Id1, 17 June 1979, EE179, 19, 3 May 1980, EE244, Ex. Microtus pennsylvanicus, Spearfish Canyon, 5 miles south Spearfish; 19, 5 May 1979, EE 147 Ex. Tamiasciurus hudsonicus 10 miles south of Pluma, Lawrence County, South Dakota.

H. d. dippiei was earlier reported (19) from Custer County in the southern Black Hills by Holland (1957) even though female fleas in the genus Hystrichopsylla are difficult to specifically determine. The males of H. dippiei collected in this study are more closely related to H. d. truncata

Vol. 92, No. 1, January & February 1981 47

as small tubercles are present on the inner angle of sternum IX, a character lacking in H. d. dippiei according to Holland.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author wishes to thank Dr. William L.Jellison(USPHS, retired, Hamilton. Montana) for the identification of M. quirini and to Dr. Omer R. Larson ( Univ. of N. Dakota, Grand Forks) for the identity of the other species.

REFERENCES CITED

Holland, G.P. 1949. The Siphonaptera of Canada. Dominion of Canada, Dept. Agr. Tech.

Bull. 70. 306 pp. Holland, G.P. 1 957. Notes on the genus Hystrichopsylla Rothschild in the New World, with

descriptions of one new species and two new subspecies (SiphonaptercxHystrichopsyllidae)

Canada Ent. 89: 309-324. Holland, G.P. 1958. Distribution patterns of Northern fleas (Siphonaptera) Proc. 10th Intl.

Cong. Ent. 1: 645-58. Stark, H.E. 1970. A Revision of the Flea Genus Thrassis Jordan 1933 (Siphonaptera:

Ceratophyllidae) with observations on ecology and relationship to plague. Univ. Calif.

Publ. Entomol. No. 53, Univ. Calif. Berkeley. Turner, R.W. 1974. Mammals of the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming. U. of

Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Publ. 60. 178 pp. Whitaker, J.O. 1979. Origin and evaluation of the external parasite fauna of western jumping

mice. Genus Zapus. Amer. Midi. Nat. 101: 49-60. Woods, C.E. and O.R. Larson. 1969. North Dakota fleas. II. Records from man and other

mammals. Proc. N.D. Acad. Science 23: 31-40.

BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED

(Continued from page 37)

DISCRIMINATION OF GENERA OF EUPLECTINI OF NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA (COLEOPTERA: PSELAPHIDAE). A.A. Grigarick & R.O. Schuster. 1980. Vol. 87. 56 pp. 79 pi. $14.00.

BE H A VIOR& TAXONOMY OF THE EPICAUTA MACUL4 TA GROUP (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE). J.D. Pinto. 1980. Vol. 89. 1 1 1 pp. 141 figs. $12.00.

NESTING BIOLOGY & ASSOCIATES OF MELITOMA (HYMENOPTERA: AN- THOPHORIDAE). E.G. Linsley. J.W. MacSwain, C.D. Michener. 1980. Vol. 90. 45 pp. 8 figs. $6.00.

ADULT & IMMATURE TABANIDAE(DIPTERA)OF CALIFORNIA. W.W.MiddlekaufT. R.S. Lane. 1 980. Bull, of the Calif. Insect Survey, Vol. 22. Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley. 99 pp. 133 figs. $10.50.

48 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

BOOK REVIEW

CALIFORNIA INSECTS: Jerry A. Powell and Charles L. Hogue, pages 1-388, 458 line drawings, 16 color plates. California Natural History Guides: 44. University of California Press, Berkeley. $15.95.

The purpose of this book is to serve as a compact introduction to the identification and biology of the California insects. It is a small-sized book (20 cm x 12 cm) in soft-back, well bound and easily held in the hand. Its design is suitable for carrying in large pocket or rucksack. With more than 28,000 insect species estimated to be in California in a variety of habitats more diverse than encountered in many countries twice its size, the authors had a formidable task to accomplish.

The book begins with a very brief introduction concerning the physiology of insects and abruptly moves to a lengthy chapter on diversity and topography. A discussion of life zones is included with reasoning given why the authors prefer the scheme proposed by Alden Miller for birds. A map of California with the life zones outlined should prove interesting to most naturalists. There is a brief section listing 20 common microhabitats of insects. The next chapter is entitled "Structure and Classification" and contains a concise but better-than- average explanation of the binomial system of nomenclature. An innovative approach to structure follows with the orders listed phylogenetically with a small marginal drawing accompanying a synoptic description. At least 2 orders are covered in a single page. The audience to which the book is directed will not be overwhelmed by detailed morphology and terms but will learn enough to be able to identify insects in the following pages. The systematic treatment then follows. This consumes the bulk of the 388 pages of the book. Insects are treated order by order. Within each order there is a brief resume of the bionomics of the group and the major families with important species highlighted and illustrated and synoptically described. Each species is numbered and its number corresponds with that of its illustration. Some 600 species are treated in this way. Those selected were based on the kinds of insects most often brought in by the public to the Los Angeles County Museum (C.D. Hogue) or the species most often collected by students in field course of the Entomology Department, University of California, Berkeley (J. A. Powell). I can find no glaring omissions of common California insects. I think naturalists should be able to identify, at least to family, most of the common insects seen on the average outing.

My biggest criticism of the book concerns the line drawings of which over 450 are provided. As an example I cite those dealing with the Orthoptera. Figures 5 2, 58, 59 are drawn considerably out of proportion, the others less so. The head, pronotum and tip of abdomen of the creosote bush katydid, figure 39, are not accurately depicted. This may be the result of studying distorted pinned specimens. The ant cricket in figure 6 3 has the hind femur appearing to be attached to the tip of the abdomen. In contrast are the color photographs both on the front cover, and those bound together in the centre of the book. They are superb, those of the cover have exceptionally good color rendition.

The book concludes with a chapter "Learning more about insects", which contains useful lists of reference books and periodicals for those who want to extend their experiences with insects. There is a brief account concerning collecting and preserving insects. The book contains a glossary of terms and an index.

The authors have successfully accomplished their goal. Not only will the book appeal to naturalists but old-hand Californian entomologists will find it difficult to put the book down because of the interesting ecological and factual statements made about so many species familiar to them. It will serve as a handy reference in office or field. The human population of California being what it is and the great interest in the out-of-doors held by most of its residents guarantee good sales for this book. Fortunately, it is one worthy of such acclaim.

D.C.F. Rentz, CSIRO, Division of Entomology, P.O. Box 1700, CANBERRA CITY, A.C.T. 2601.

Vol. 92. No. 1. January- & February' 1981 49

NEW RECORDS OF MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) FROM NEW HAMPSHIRE1

John F. Burger

ABSTRACT: Four species of mosquitoes, Aedes dorsalis, Ae. taeniorhvnchus. Culiseta minnesotae and Onhopodomyia signifera are reported from New Hampshire for the first time.

Until 1975, mosquitoes in New Hampshire were relatively little- studied. Lowry (1929) reviewed the habits, distribution and general economic importance of mosquitoes in the state. Blickle (1952) reviewed the distribution of all species then known to occur in New Hampshire, stating that 37 species were known to be present.

Extensive mosquito surveys since 1975 in southeastern New Hampshire by Jonathan Tucker. Betsy Whalen and the author resulted in the discovery of 4 species not previously recorded from the state: Aedes dorsalis (Meigen). Ae. taeniorhvnchus (Wiedemann). Culiseta minnesotae^ Barr and Onhopodomyia signifera (Coquillett). Determinations were con- firmed by the author.

Five females of Aedes dorsalis were collected from Rockingham County in 1977 from CO2-baited CDC light traps. Two females were collected in North Hampton on 1 9 May. 1 female from Hampton Falls on 6 October and 2 females were collected from Seabrook on 19 July.

Six females of Aedes taeniorhvnchus were collected from Rockingham County in 1 977 in CO2-baited CDC light traps, 2 from North Hampton on 14 July. 2 from Seabrook on 1 9 July, 1 from Rye on 1 1 August and 1 from Greenland on 1 8 August. One female voucher specimen has been deposited in the University of New Hampshire collection.

Three females and 18 larvae of Culiseta minnesotae were collected from Rockingham County in 1977. One female each was collected from a CO2-baited light trap in Londonderry on 22 July. Hampton on 28 July and

'Received September 22, 1980.

Scientific Contribution Number 1053 from the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station.

Department of Entomology. University of New Hampshire. Durham. NH 03*

^Cs. minnesotae is listed as a subspecies of Cs. silveslris (Shingarev) by Knight and Stone (1977). but Wood et al. (1979), following recent Russian workers, stated that the name silvestris was unrecognizable. Until the status of the name is clarified, minnesotae'^ retained as a distinct species.

ENT. NEWS 92:(1): 49-50

50 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Newton on 4 August. Larvae were collected from Kingston ( 1 ) on 6 June, Chester (1) on 22 June, Fremont (2) on 29 June, Epping (5) on 26 July, Deerfield on 18 August (7), 1 September (1) and 16 September (1). All larvae were collected along the margins of freshwater cattail swamps created by beavers.

Fourteen females of the tree hole-breeding species, Orthopodomvia signifera were collected in Rockingham County in 1976 and 1977. All were collected in CO2-baited CDC light traps. Seven females were collected in Epping, on 7 July 1976 (I) and 6 September 1977 (6), 1 female from Stratham on 4 August 1977, 1 female from Hampton Falls and 5 females from East Kingston on 1 September 1977. One female voucher specimen has been deposited in the University of New Hampshire collection.

The above new state records increases the number of mosquito species known to occur in New Hampshire to 43 in 8 genera.

LITERATURE CITED

Blickle, R.L. 1952. Notes on the mosquitoes (Culicinae) of New Hampshire. Proc. N.J.

Mosq. Exterm. Assoc. 1952:198-202. Knight, K.L. and A. Stone. 1977. A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera:

Culicidae). Entomol. Soc. Am. (Thomas Say Found.), 6 (2nd ed.): 1-611. Lowry, P.R. 1929. Mosquitoes of New Hampshire. A preliminary report. N.H. Agr. Exp.

Sta. Bull. 243, 23 pp. Wood, D.M., P.T. Dang and R.A. Ellis. 1979. The insects and arachnids of Canada. Pt. 6.

The Mosquitoes of Canada (Diptera: Culicidae). Agr Canada Publ. 1686, 390 pp.

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL

NOMENCLATURE

c/o BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) CROMWELL ROAD, LONDON,

SW7 5BD

15 December, 1980 ITZN 59

The following Opinions have been published recently by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, Volume 37, part 4, 1 5 December, 1980.

Opinion No.

1160 (p. 216) Tipula oleracea Linnaeus, 1758 and related species (Insecta, Diptera):

stabilisation by the use of the plenary powers.

1161 (p. 221) ChaitophorusC.L. Koch, 1854 (Insecta, Hemiptera): designation of a type

species by use of the plenary powers.

The Commission regrets that it cannot supply separates of Opinions.

R.V. Melville. Secretary

Vol. 92, No. 1, January & February' 1981

51

The Entomologist's Record

To encourage the publication of concise and useful new distribution records, corrections of previously published erroneous records, misidenti- fications, short field notes, and current news items about Entomologists, amateur and professional. Entomology Departments and Museums, prompt publication is offered in this Department.

AMNESTUS RADIALIS FROESCHNER, 1960,

SENIOR SYNONYM OF A. SEXDENTATUS

FROESCHNER, 1960 (HEMIPTERA: CYDNIDAE)1

Richard C. Froeschner^

In 1960 I described [Proc. U.S. National Museum. 1 1 1(3430)] two species of Amnestus separated by a character whose validity I questioned. Each was described from a single specimen: Amnestus radialis (ibid, p. 656) from a male from Martinique, W.I., and A. sexdentatus (ibid p. 657) from a female from Puerto Rico. The questionable character was the presence of six pegs (instead of the four regularly found in the genus) on the apex of the clypeus of the female. Now available is a series of 10 specimens from Puerto Rico associating females and males of one species. The males clearly represent A. radialis and the females have the usual four apical pegs on the clypeus. The facts that these females are definitely associated with males of A. radialis, are from the type island of Puerto Rico, have the normal number of four apical pegs on the clypeus, and are in no other way separable from A. sexdentatus convince me that my earlier suspicion of a developmental anomaly producing the two extra apical clypeal pegs was correct and that A. sexdentatus must be reduced to a junior synonym of A. radialis, new synonymy.

Received October 2. 1980. "Department of Entomology. Stop 1 27. Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D.C.. 20560.

ENT. NEWS 92(1): 51

52 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED

THE BUTTERFLIES OF OREGON. Ernest J. Dornfeld. 1980. Timber Press. P.O. Box 92. Forest Grove, Oregon 971 16. 276 pp. 4 color pi. 48 bl. & wh. pi. 192 distrib. maps. 8': x 1 1 format.

A comprehensive presentation and systematic account of all the known butterflies in Oregon, together with important introductory material on Oregon type local iiies, Oregon's physiography and butterfly distribution, and biology of butterflies.

THE WORLD OF THE TENT-MAKERS: A NATURAL HISTORY OF THE EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR. V.G. Dethier. 1980. Univ. of Massachusetts Press, Amherst. 148 pp. $12.50 cloth. $5.95 paper.

Written in narrative style, this book explores the life cycle of a colony of eastern tent caterpillars and traces this insect's special life history within the total context of nature. The author follows the tent-makers through the seasons, looking at the problems of surviving temperature fluctuations, growth & development, synchronizing biological clocks, measuring time, navigating, following trails, and air conditioning, among other aspects of the tent caterpillar's life.

INSECT WORLDS. L.J. & M. Milne. 1980. Chas. Scribner's Sons. N.Y. 274 pp. $12.95.

Beginning with a general description of insects, the authors cover such subjects as how insects make the most of their environment, information on their hunting habits, how they have managed to survive, their messages to find mates, and how their heritage is extended by parental care and social interaction. As the subtitle, A Guide for Man on Making the Most of the Environment implies, the authors also try to show that lessons can be learned by man from the ecological story of insects.

ARANEISM, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO EUROPE. Z. Maratic & D. Lebez. 1979. Nolit Publ. House, Yugoslavia. Available through National Technical Information Service, PB 80-141 104. 255 pp. $15.00 U.S.A.: $30.00 outside U.S.

A review of the natural history of spiders, especially of Europe, the anatomy of their venom apparatus, the nature of their venom, the clinical problem of spider venom poisoning, and the uses of spider venoms in medicine and biology.

INSECT PHOTOPERIODISM. 2nd ed. Stanley D. Beck. 1 980. Academic Press, N.Y. 387 PP-

This text presents technical reviews of major aspects of the responses of insects to natural and experimental cycles of light and dark. Also discussed are daily rhythmic behaviors such as locomotion, feeding, mating and reproduction: circadian functions seen in the timing of developmental events and physiological circadian rhythms in metabolism, detoxification, neural and sensory functions, and hormonal functions.

ANIMAL IDENTIFICATION, A REFERENCE GUIDE. Vol. 3: INSECTS. D. Hollis. ed. 1980. British Museum (Natural History), London, & John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. 160 pp. $36.50.

The main objective of this volume is to provide a list of primary references which will enable non-specialists to set about identifying insects from any part of the world.

ENTOMOLOGY. Cedric Gillott. 1980. Plenum Press, N.Y. 729 pp. $49.50.

An entirely new textbook intended for senior undergraduates with an elementary knowledge of insects from general zoology but taking theirfirstcourse in entomology. This text represents a departure from the traditional taxonomic approach to what the author believes is a more balanced treatment of the subject. Thus, although some time is devoted to taxonomy and identification, appropriate time is also given to discussions on evolution, development, physiology, and ecology of insects. Included in the latter category are the interactions between insects and man, stressing that these interactions follow normal ecological principles.

When submitting papers, all authors are requested to ( 1 ) provide the names of two qualified individuals who have critically reviewed the manuscript before it is submitted and ( 2 ) submit the names and addresses of two qualified authorities in the subject field to whom the manuscript can be referred by the editor for final review. All papers are submitted to recognized authorities for final review before acceptance.

Titles should be carefully composed to reflect the true contents of the article, and be kept as brief as possible. Classification as to order and family should be included in the title, except where not pertinent. Following the title there should be a short informative abstract (not a descriptive abstract) of not over 1 50 words. The abstract is the key to how an article is cited in abstracting journals and should be carefully written. The author's complete mailing address, including zip code number, should be given as a footnote to the article. All papers describing new taxa should include enough information to make them useful to the nonspecialist. Generally this requires a key and a short review or discussion of the group, plus references to existing revisions or monographs. Illustrations nearly always are needed. All measurements shall be given using the metric system or, if in the standard system, comparable equivalent metric values shall be included. Authors can be very helpful by indicating, in pencil in the margin of the manuscript, approximate desired locations within the text of accompanying figures, tables and other illustrations.

Illustrations: For maximum size and definition, full page figures, including legends, should be submitted as nearly as possible in a proportion of 4/6. Maximum size of printed illustration, including all legends, is 4l/: x 6 '2 inches. Authors will be charged for all text figures and half- tones at the rate of $6.00 each, regardless of size.

Books for review and book publication announcements should be sent to the editor, Howard P. Boyd. For address, see under"manuscripts" above. Literature notices, books received and short reviews will be published in The Entomologist's Library on books dealing with taxonomy, systematics, morphology, physiology ecology, behavior and similar aspects of insect life and related arthropods. Books on applied, economic and regulatory entomology, on toxicology and related subjects will not be considered.

Short notes will be published promptly in The Entomologist's Record.

Study notices, want items and for sale notices are published in The Entomologist's Market Place.

Page charges: A charge of S25.00 is made for each published page of an article, plus costs of all illustrations. Papers may be published ahead of their regularly scheduled time at a cost of $30.00 per page.

Unemployed and retired amateur and scientist members of the American Entomological Society who are without institutional support or are not subsidized by grants and who are without funds for publishing may apply for financial assistance at the time their manuscript is submitted. Such application must include an explanation of the author's status ( unemployed or retired). Page charges for these individuals are negotiable, with a minimum of $7. 00 per page.

Reprints: (without covers) may be ordered when corrected page proofs are returned to the editor. Schedule of reprint costs will appear on order form.

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Advertisements of goods or services for sale are accepted at SI .00 per line, payable in advance to the editor. Notices of wants and exchanges not exceeding three lines are free to subscribers. Positions open, and position wanted notices are included here and may be referred to by box numbers. All insertions are continued from month to month, the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, when necessary, the older ones at the top are discontinued.

Wanted. Adult specimens of worldwide, including U.S., Lucanidae, Carabidae, Cicindelidae, Coccinellidae, Scarabaeidae, Cerambycidae, Burprestidae, and Elateridae. State condition, variety, and price A. I.E., Spencer, 20 W. Virginia Ave., West Chester, PA. 19380.

For Saie: Lepidoptera livestock for private rearers and scientific study. Species for this fall include Citheronia regalis and Antheraea pernyi and many more. Write for prices. Brett Barrett, P.O. Box 107, Alvaton, Ky. 42122.

Butterflies for sale or exchange. Over 1 200 species from Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Ceylon, Indonesia, Sumatra and Borneo. Write to Sim Yam Seng, 21 Joon Hiang Road, Singapore 19.

Wanted: Entomological News, Vol. 45, No. 7 and Vol. 47, Nos. 1-8, or all of each volume. J.F. Schesser, Jr., RR 1, Box 15, Morton, Kansas 66439.

Books for Sale: ROMANOFF, N.M. Memoires sur les Lepidopteres, vol. 1-7 and 9, with 6 i plain and 69 colored plates and 3 maps. Recent H. calf. The rarest work in modern literature of Lepidoptera, including contributions on Asian Lepidoptera by Romanoff, Grum-Grzhimailo, Staudinger, Christoph, Snellen, Heylarts, and others. Robert Fagen, R.D. #1 Box 24, Glen Mills, Pa. 19342 USA.

NEWSLETTER: Women in entomology/ideas, concerns, activities/send notes for in- clusion, name and address for mailing list/Si to defray production June '81 ( 1 ) and Jan. '82(2) issues welcome/Dr. Diane M. Calabrese, Dep't. Biol.. Trinity College. Washington. D.C. 20017.

US ISSN 0013-872X

MARCH ft APRIL 1981

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Commentaries in Cultural Entomology 2. The Myth of the Louse Line

Charles L. Hague 53

Records of Kentucky Tabanidae (Diptera) including species new to state fauna

A.M. Burnett, C.V. Covell, Jr., L.L. Pechuman 56

Taxonomic & distributional notes on some fungus feeding North American Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Robert C. Lacy 59

Treehoppers (Homoptera: Membracidae) collected at multiple levels in a deciduous woodlot in Delaware

C.E. Mason, J.E. Loye 64

Diptera larvae (Empididae & Chironomidae) in Trichoptera pupal cases (Glossosomatidae & Limnephilidae)

W.S. Vinikour, R.V. Anderson 69

Identity & status of Cambala washingtonensis (Diplopoda: Cambalidae)

Rowland M. Shelley 75

Myiasis in an Amazonian porcupine

L.A. Lacey, T.K. George 79

The genus Microphadnus in Australia (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)

Howard E. Evans 8 1

BOOKS RECEIVED and BRIEFLY NOTED

63, 84

THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS is published bi-monthly except July-August b\- The American Entomological Societr al I he Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Race St.. Philadelphia, PH., 19103, U.S.A.

Officers tor 1981 and 1982: President: Howard P. Boyd: Vice President: Charles E. Mason; Recording Secretary: Roger W. Fuester; Corresponding Secretary: Joseph K. Sheldon: Treasurer: Jesse J. Freesc.

Publications and Editorial Committee: S. Roback, Chr., C. Mason, D. Otte and Howard P. Boyd. Editor.

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Vol. 92, No. 2, March & April 1981 53

COMMENTARIES IN CULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY 2. THE MYTH OF THE LOUSE LINE

Charles L. Hogue

ABSTRACT: The 16th Century Spanish colonial chroniclers las Casas and Oviedo relate the curious departure and return of lice from voyagers to and from the New World. A supposed line of longitude, approximately 100 leagues west of the Azores, marked the place of occurrence of the phenomenon. The idea shortly became obscure and is apparently only a myth.

Afflictions and discomforts universally met European travelers and mariners bound for the New World in the 16th century. With all the tribulations of the journey to bear, it may have been a consolation for some to believe that, during the voyage, they would escape their usual body lice and be freed from the bites of fleas. That this could happen was assured them by two of the earliest chroniclers of natural history in the West Indies, who vouched that these insects miraculously and mercifully disappeared from westbound ships reaching a hundred leagues beyond the Azores. Conversely, these same parasites emerged from hiding in great numbers on the eastbound passage at precisely the same meridian.

Writing from the West Indies where he served as missionary and apostle to the Indians from 1 500 to 1 547. Fr. Bartolome de las Casas described the phenomenon in these words:

... for the trip to these Indies we see a singular and notable thing: that up to the Canaries and a hundred leagues this side, or in the vicinity of the Azores, many lice breed, but from there to here they all begin to die and upon arriving at the first islands, there is no man breeding a single one: on the return to Castile all the ships and the people proceed clean of these creatures until arriving at said limit: from there onward. as if lying in wait, they return in great and bothersome numbers. ( 1 )

Gonsalo Fernandez de Oviedo. contemporary and adversary of las Casas and official historian of the period in the Spanish colonies, related the same story, and more sharply delineated the zone of decontamination:

... for after passing by the meridian where the compass needle indicates the change of the southwesterlies to the northeasterlies. which is in the vicinity of the A/ores, and travelling on a short distance in the course of our voyage on the westwind. all the lice borne by Christians and breeding on their heads and bodies die and disappear . and it

Received November 6, 1980.

Curator of Entomology. Natural History' Museum of Los Angeles County. 900 Exposition Blvd.. Los Angeles. California 90007.

ENT. NEWS 92(2): 53-55

54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

is notable also how Christian men, clean in head and body from this filthiness in the Indies, when returning to Europe and again arriving at the same place in the ocean where the plague ceased before, suddenly, as if the lice were lying in wait for them, are reafflicted and not able to be free of them even though they change their shirts two or three times a day . . . This I have well verified, having made the trip four times myself. (2)

That these anecdotes were more than sea stories and with whom they actually originated is not known. The idea seems to have lost credence following its first accounting, since there appear to be almost no published verifications from the hundreds of subsequent sailing voyages made by other writers, historians and naturalists. Only a passage in a footnote in Sir Francis Drake's narrative of his circumnavigation of the world (1577-9), raises the issue again and provides us a clue as to how the myth of the "louse line" may have started:

Where unto allso let me putt the third, a thing worthy the noting, that in our passing from our country, being winter, lice increased infinitely on the cloathes of our men, and were a great plague to many; but no sooner were wee com within the burning zone, but they all dyed and consumed away of themselves, so that till wee came beyond the southerly tropic to Braesilia, there was not to be found one among us. (3)

The louse (Pediculus humanus] is extremely susceptible to increases in temperature over the optimum provided by the normal heat of the human body. It is conceivable that the clothing and supradermal temperatures of voyagers to the tropics might easily rise above normal body temperature a critical 4 degrees F (2.2 degrees C) (4) and cause the demise of these ectoparasites. Clothing may have been shed also, reducing suitable habitat, the overall result being decrease in the louse population. That this would take place at a precise longitude, however, is fantasy.

Since the time of Drake, the myth seems to have eluded almost all further attention except for brief, relatively modern references in en- tomological works, all traceable to Oviedo's account (5, 6, 7). The treatment by las Casas appears to have escaped notice by entomologists, although it is well known to historians (8). We do not know if the original "observations" by las Casas and Oviedo were, in fact, independent and original. Both may have been repeating a sailor's tale, although both claim to be relating personal experience.

Another delightful, though oblique, literary allusion to the "louse line" occurs in Cervantes' famous novel, Don Quixote. During their ill-fated adventure on the "enchanted bark," when Sancho Panza asks how close they had come to the Equator, the errant knight replies:

The Spaniards, said he, and all those that Embark at Cadiz for the East-Indies, to know whether they have pass'd the Equinoctial- Line, according to an Observation that has been often expericnc'd, need do no more than look whether there be any Lice left alive

Vol. 92, No. 2. March & April 1981 55

among the Ship's Crew, for if they have pass'd it, not a Louse is to be found in the Ship, though they would give his weight in Gold for him.(9)

A final irresistable reflection on the myth derives from the fact that the place of parting between louse and man corresponded approximately to the first line of demarcation drawn through the Atlantic Ocean to separate the territorial claims of Spain (to the west) and Portugal (to the east). The particular meridian was suggested by Columbus and granted to the kings of the two countries in a Papal Bull dated 4 May 1493. Was the famous navigator really the first to discover the "louse line" and. owing his allegiance to Ferdinand and Isabella, to make sure that competing Portugal got the lousy side of the world?

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I wish to acknowledge the assistance with historical sources kindly extended to me by Drs. Harry Kelsey and Janet Fireman of the Anthropology and History Division. Natural History Museum, Los Angeles County.

LITERATURE CITED*

( 1 ) Fr. Bartolome de las Casas, Historia de las Indias (Composed between 1 527 and 1563 but not published until 1 875-6, Madrid) — Original source. D. Serrano y Sanz Historiadores de Indias ( Madrid, 1 909) Tomo I, Apologetica Historia de las Indias de Fr. Bartolome de las Casas. p. 44- From which author's English translation from Castillian made.

(2) Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes, Sumario de la natural historia de las Indias (Toledo, 1526) — Original source. Author's English translation from 1950 edition, Biblioteca Americana. Fondo de Cultura Economica. Mexico, Jose Miranda ed., pp. 243-4.

(3) John Drake. The World Encompassed by Sir Francis Drake. Being his next voyage to that to Nombre de Dios. Etc. (Nicholas Bourne. London. 1628). Hakluyt Society Works No. 16 (London. 1854). p. 34.

(4) M.T. James & R.F. Harwood, Herms's Medical Entomologv (6 ed.. New York. 1969), p. 138.

(5) Frank Cowan, Curious Facts in the History oflnsects etc. (Philadelphia. 1865). p. 317.

(6) Hans Zinsser, Rats, Lice and History (Boston, 1935), p. 262.

(7) Bar. G.L.C.D. Cuvier, The Animal Kingdom (London edition with supplementary additions to each order by Edward Griffith, 1832), vol. 14. p. 150 (reprinting of original wording from Regne. 4 nimal written by P. Latreille) and p. 163 (supplement to the orders by Griffith).

(8) Samuel Eliot Morison, The European Discovery of America, The Southern Vovages A.D. 1492-1616 (New York, 1974). pp. 97-98.

(9) Miguel de Cervantes Saavadra, El ingenioso hildago don Quijote de la Mancha, Part 2 ( Madrid. 1615) — Original source in Castillian. Author's quote from Random House Modern Library College English edition (New York, 1950). pp. 633-634.

The format use in the literature citations above is consistent with the historical nature of this paper Ed.

56 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

RECORDS OF KENTUCKY TABANIDAE (DIPTERA) INCLUDING SPECIES NEW TO THE

STATE FAUNA1

Alta M. Burnett, Charles V. Covell, Jr., L.L. Pechuman2

ABSTRACT: Collecting data are reported for 28 species of Tabanidae from Kentucky, including 6 new state records which increase the known state tabanid fauna to 60 species.

A revised annotated checklist of 54 species of Tabanidae from Kentucky, including 1 3 new state records, was published recently (Burnett el al. 1978). The following information is an addendum to that list and includes six new state records. With one exception which is noted, all of the county records reported here are new. New seasonal records for those previously reported species which are listed here are italicized. The name of the collector when known concludes each entry.

The records presented here are based upon specimens in the University of Louisville, the Illinois Natural History Survey and the University of Kentucky collections.

Again the arrangement of genera and species follows that of Philip in Stone et al. (1965). Thus species are listed alphabetically within each genus, not in any presumed phylogenetic order.

SUBFAMILY CHRYSOPINAE Genus Chrysops Meigen

Chrysops callidus Osten Sacken. Ballard Co.. 3 km NW of Barlow, 27 July 1978. D.W. Webb; Edmonson Co., Bylew Creek, 5 mi NE of Brownsville, 28-30 May 1978, E.A. Lisowski; Hart Co., Munfordville. 14 May 1979, E.A. Lisowski; Warren Co.. 1 mi SE of Anna, 27 May 1979, E.A. Lisowski. The county listed for the Lake Sympson entry in our initial paper was in error. The entry stands corrected as follows: Nelson Co., vie. Lake Sympson, 7 July 1972, C.V. Covell, Jr.

Chrysops calvus Pechuman and Teskey. NEW STATE RECORD. Edmonson Co., Bylew Creek, 5 mi NE of Brownsville, 28-30 May 1978, E.A. Lisowski.

Chrysops cincticornis Walker. NEW STATE RECORD. Hart Co., Munfordville, 14 May 1979, E.A. Lisowski.

1 Received October 11, 1980.

Respective addresses: Dept. of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292: Dept. of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292; and Dept. of Entomology. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. University of Louisville Contribution in Biology No. 198 (New Series).

ENT. NEWS 92(2): 56-58

Vol. 92, No. 2, March & April 1981 57

Chrysops flavidus Wiedemann. Christian Co.. Pennyrile Forest State Resort Park. 18 June 1979. C.C. Cornett.

Chrysops impiiin-iiis Krober. Menifee Co.. Red Riser Gorge. 20 July 1979. T. Johnson.

Chrvsops nni a/ u urn Philip. Bullitt Co.. Bernheim Forest. 2 June 1977. S. Reigler: Warren Co.. 1 mi SE of Anna. 27 May 1979. E.A. Lisowski.

Chrvsops nigcr Macquart. Mercer Co.. 4 May 1951.

Chrvsops pikci Whitney. Ballard Co.. 3 km NW of Barlow. 27 July 1978. D.W. Webb: Warren Co.. 1 mi SE of Anna. 27 May 1979, E.A. Lisowski.

Chrvsops rcichcrn Fairchild. NEW STATE RECORD. Ballard Co.. 3 km NW of Barlow. 27 July 1978. D.W. Webb.

Chrysops sei/iiax tun Philip. NEW STATE RECORD. Shelby Co.. 9 Sept. 1977. L.E. McCoy.

Chrysops npsilon Philip. Fulton Co.. Reel foot National Wildlife Refuge. 16 Sept. 1979. C.V. Covell, Jr.

Chrysops vinuius Wiedemann. Bullitt Co.. Bernheim Forest. 27-31 July 1977. Malaise trap.

SUBFAMILY TABANINAE Genus Chlorolabanus Lutz

Chlorotabainis crcpnscnluris (Bequaert). NEW STATE RECORD. Trigg Co.. Land Between the Lakes, 24 June 1971, P.M. Freytag and G. Leppert.

Genus Tabanus Linnaeus

Ta ha mis atruins Fabricius. Casey Co.. Liberty. 1 May 1957; Taylor Co., Campbellsville. 7 Oct. 1953.

Fahanns calens Linnaeus. Rockcastle Co.. Rockcastle River. 1 mi E ol'Bilows, 15 Aug. 1978. L.M. Page.

Tahanns cxilipalpis Stone. NEW STATE RECORD. Edmonson Co.. Bylew Creek. 5 mi NE of Brownsville. 28-30 May 1978. E.A. Lisowski.

Tahanns fulvu Ins Wiedemann. Edmonson Co.. Mammoth Cave National Park. 8 mi E of Brownsville. 8 June 1978. E.A. Lisowski; Menifee Co.. Red River Gorge. 21 July 1979. T. Johnson; Nelson Co.. Gethsemane, 9 July 1966.

Tahanns molcstns molestus Say. Edmonson Co.. Mammoth Cave National Park. 8 mi E of Brownsville. 8 June 1978. E.A. Lisowski: Henry Co.. 25 Sept. 1977. P.D Barker.

Tahanns pallidcsccns Philip. Edmonson Co.. Mammoth Cave National Park. 8 mi E of Brownsville. 8 June 1978. E.A. Lisowski: Fayettc Co.. Lexington. II Oct. 1965. L.M. Townsend.

58 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Ta ha mis c/uinqiieriitatits Wiedemann. Bullitt Co.. Bernheim Forest. 27-31 July 1977. Malaise trap.

Tabanus sackeni Fairchild. Hardin Co., Vertrees, Route 920, 5 Aug. 1974, M.E. Krai; Jefferson Co., Louisville, 8 Sept. 1 976 and 1 1 Sept. 1 977, J.A. Long and C.F. Yates; Meade Co.. Otter Creek Park. 27 July and 10 and 17 Aug. 1979, T. Johnson and C.V. Covell, Jr.; MenifeeCo., Red River Gorge, 21 July 1979,7. Johnson; RockcastleCo., Rockcastle River, 1 mi E of Bilows, 1 5 Aug. 1978, L.M. Page; Russell Co.. Lake Cumberland State Resort Park. 14 Aug. 1979. C.C. Cornett.

Tahanits spams Whitney. Bullitt Co., Bernheim Forest, 2 June 1977, S. Rcigler.

Tahanus siihlongus Stone. Bullitt Co., Bernheim Forest, 27-31 July and 1-14 Aug. 1977. Malaise trap; Jefferson Co., Louisville. 8 Sept. 1976, J.A. Long.

Tahanus suhsiuiilis Bellardi. Clark Co., Winchester. 20 May 195 1; Meade Co.. Otter Creek Park. 10, 17 Aug. 1979. 7. Johnson; Nelson Co.. Gethsemane. 9 July 1966; Shelby Co.. Shelbyville. 2 June 1966.

Tahanus sp., nr. sulcifrons Macquart. Hopkins Co.. Madisonville, 7 Oct. 1977, E. DiBlasi.

Tahanus lurhidus Wiedemann. Edmonson Co.. Mammoth Cave National Park. 8 mi E of Brownsville, 8 June 1978, E.A. Lisowski (not new county record); Hart Co., E of Mammoth Cave National Park. 2 mi SW of Northtown, 4 Aug. 1979, E.A. Lisowski.

Genus Hybomitra Enderlein

Hvhomitra difficilis (Wiedemann). Edmonson Co.. Mammoth Cave National Park, 27 May 1979, E.A. Lisowski; Warren Co., 1 mi SE of Anna, 27 May 1979, E.A. Lisowski.

Hvhomitra lasiophtluilma (Macquart). Edmonson Co.. Bylew Creek, 5 mi NE of Brownsville, 28-30 May 1978, E.A. Lisowski; Hart Co., 1 mi SSE of Rowletts, 11-14 May 1979. E.A. Lisowski; Russell Co., Fonthill, 12 May 1957.

ACKNOWLEDGMEN7S

We thank RozennaCarr for curatorial assistance, Donald W. Webb for the loan of Illinois Natural History Survey specimens and Paul H. Frcytag for providing data from the University of Kentucky tabanid collection.

LI7ERA7URE CI7ED

Burnett, Alta M., Charles V. Covell, Jr., and L.L. Pechuman. 1978. 7he horse flies and

deer flies of Kentucky: new state records and a revised annotated checklist (Diptera:

7abanidae). Ent. News 89(7&8): 197-200. Philip, C.B. 1965. Family 7abanidae, in Stone, A.. C.W. Sabrosky, W.W. Wirth, R.H.

Foote and J.R. Coulson. A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. Agr.

Handbook No. 276, USDA, 1696 pp.

Vol. 92, No. 2, March & April 1981 59

TAXONOMIC AND DISTRIBUTIONAL NOTES ON

SOME FUNGUS-FEEDING NORTH AMERICAN

DROSOPHILA (DIPTERA, DROSOPHILIDAE)'

Robert C. Lacy2

ABSTRACT: Comparison of type specimens and examination of variation in natural populations indicates Drosophila ordinaria Coquillett. D. melanderi Sturtevant. and D. magnafumosa Stalker and Spencer to be synonomous species designations. Drosophila reccns, previously known only from northern states, is reported to be present in the Great Smoky Mts., Tennessee. The known distribution of D. cliagrinensis is also extended, with the report of a specimen collected in Ithaca. New York.

During recent studies of fungus-feeding Drosophilidae in eastern North America, it became apparent that three species names, Drosophila ordinaria, D. melanderi and D. magnafumosa, might be synonomous. Below are the formal synonomy, a discussion of the evidence which led to this taxonomic revision, and a more complete description of the species. Also given are notes extending the known distributions of Drosophila recens, and D. chagrincnsis. Extensive lists of the host fungi of the mycophagous drosophilid fauna of eastern North America will be pub- lished later in papers dealing with the ecology of these flies.

Drosophila ordinaria

Drosophila ordinaria Coquillett 1904. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 6:190. female. Type locality:

White Mountains, New Hampshire. Type in USNM. Drosophila melanderi Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 9:337, female type and

paratype. Type locality: Tacoma. Washington State. Type in USNM. Syn. nov. Drosophila magnafumosa Stalker and Spencer, 1939, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 32:1 12. male.

Type locality: Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Tennessee. Type in USNM. Syn.

BASIS FOR THE SYNONOMY. The lack of characteristics for clearly distinguishing among flies of the melanderi group and the possible synonomy of the American species has been noted in the past by Marshall R. Wheeler (personal communication to Peter F. Brussard). The published differences are slight, and are fully encompassed by the range of variability within populations that I have sampled in Tompkins County, New York and the Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee. A study was therefore undertaken to compare specimens of ordinaria, melanderi, and magnafumosa for all morphological characters commonly used in Drosophila taxonomy. The

1 Received July 1 1, 1980.

^Section of Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University, Ithaca. New York 14850.

ENT. NEWS 92(2): 59-63

60 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

type specimen of magnafumosa was kindly loaned by Harrison Stalker; specimens of larval, pupal and adult melanderi from Trinidad, California were supplied by Herman Spieth; the type and other specimens of melanderi and the type of ordinaria were made available by Don Davis of the USNM. No consistent differences were noted among these flies or the collections I made in New York and Tennessee. Some eggs, larvae and pupae were obtained during attempts to establish stocks of New York and Tennessee flies. Comparison with the melanderi larvae and pupae from California revealed no differences in mouth hook structure, puparium color or size, or spiracle morphology. Egg filaments appeared identical in the Tennessee and New York populations.

Drosophila ordinaria was known previously only from female spec- imens, while magnafumosa was described from a male specimen. Perhaps this hindered earlier attempts to verify the synonomy. Ordin aria-like females and magnajumosa-like males have been reared in my lab from single wild-caught females. Breeding tests comparing melanderi with the other forms have not been possible due to a lack of success in maintaining, for more than one generation, cultures from flies collected in New York and Tennessee. Spieth (pers. comm. to Peter F. Brussard) was similarly unsuccessful in retaining a culture of melanderi from California.

Preparations of the external male genitalia have been made from specimens collected in Tennessee, from specimens collected in New York, and from Spieth's specimens from California. The male genital region is found no differences in the genital morphology of flies from the different populations. Hsu (1949), however, illustrated differences in the male genitalia of melanderi and magnafumosa. Melanderi was shown as having two large teeth at the corner of the anal plate, while magnafumosa was stated as lacking these teeth. All specimens that I have examined, whether from Tennessee, New York or California, have the two larger bristles as shown in Hsu's figure of melanderi and in Fig. 1 of this paper. Hsu also stated that melanderi has 10 teeth on the secondary clasper (the stalked structure with a row of short, closely spaced teeth in Fig. 1), while magnafumosa has only seven. Each specimen I examined clearly has 8 teeth in the row.

Drosophila ordinaria

Female. Arista with about 5 branches above and one below, in addition to the terminal fork. Head and antennae brownish yellow. Front over one-third width of head. Only one prominent oral bristle (the vibrissa). Cheeks brownish yellow, their greatest width one-fourth the greatest diameter of the eyes. Eyes with sparse blond pile. Second orbital one-third size of the other two.

Acrostichal hairs in six rows. Anterior dorsocentrals close to posterior dorsocentrals. Mesonotum, scutellum, pleurae and legs brownish yellow. Mesonotum with a median darker stripe. Anterior scutellars parallel to divergent. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibia, preapicals on third.

Vol. 92. No. 2, March & April 1981

61

2

3

Figures 1-3. Male genitalia of Drosophila ordinaria Coquillett. Specimen from Ithaca. N.Y. 1. The entire copulatory apparatus in semivcntrnl view. 2. The penis apparatus in ventral view. 3. The penis apparatus in lateral view.

62 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Abdomen brownish yellow. Each segment with a dark brown posterior band, widely interrupted medially. Banding widens to fill out lateral areas.

Wings clear. Only one large bristle at distal costal break. Costal index about 2.9; fourth vein index about 1 .4; 5x index about 1 .4; 4c index about 0.8. Heavy bristles on basal two-fifths of third costal section.

Length body 2.8 mm; wing 3.0 mm.

Male. Genital region dark brown and conspicuous. Thorax somewhat darker than in females. Abdominal banding darker and reaching closer to anterior edge of segments.

Egg. 0.6 mm long. Four filaments, each about 1/2 the length of the egg.

Puparium. Each anterior spiracle with about six branches, without definite stalk.

Distribution. Tacoma, Washington (A.L. Melander); Mt. Constitution, Washington ( A.L. Melander); Trinidad, California (H.T. Spieth); Montana, Minnesota (these two states listed by Strickberger, 1962, as being in the known geographic range of melanderi); St. John's Co., Quebec (C.W. Johnson); White Mountains, New Hampshire (H.K. Morrison, type material); Chester, Massachusetts (C.W. Johnson); Ithaca, New York, elevation 1050 ft. (R.C. Lacy); Six-Mile Creek, Dryden-Caroline, New York, elev. 1 370 ft. (R.C. Lacy); Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, elev. 4000 ft. (W.P. Spencer); Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee: elev. 4500 ft., Cosby Creek; Clingman's Dome Road, elev. 6000 ft., Walker Prong, elev. 3 1 50 ft., Husky Brook, elev. 2550 ft., Elkmont area, elev. 2 100 ft., LeConte Creek, 1600 ft.. Little Pigeon River, elev. 1 550 ft. (R.C. Lacy). Specimens from New York and Tennessee have been deposited in the USNM and the Cornell University collections.

The species seems to be distributed across the northern United States, into southeastern Canada, and down the Appalachian Mountains. In the Smoky Mts. ordinaria is quite rare below 3000 feet, but common at the higher elevations where the climate and vegetation resemble that found in the more northerly part of its range. Other primarily northern Drosophila, D. athabasca Sturtevant and Dobzhansky, D. algonquin Sturtevant and Dobzhansky (both in the ajfinis species group), and D. recens (see below) show similar patterns of distribution in the eastern United States.

The melanderi species group, which also contains several Palearctic species, D. makinoiOkada in Japan, and D. camemria Haliday in Europe, Iran, Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands, should perhaps now be labelled as the ordinaria species group.

Drosophila ordinaria have been raised from 16 genera of Basidio- mycete fungi collected in New York and Tennessee, including all species of fleshy fungi that were reasonably well sampled.

EXTENSION OF THE KNOWN RANGES OF DROSOPHILA RECENS AND D. CHAGRINENSIS

Drosophila recens Wheeler has been reported to be a rare species of the quinaria species group, distributed from New England, across the northern United States and southern Canada, as far west as North Dakota. I here report that recens is a fairly common mycophagous fly in the Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee. I collected many specimens in July and August of 1979 and 1980, at the sites listed above for ordinaria. Like ordinaria, recens is found primarily at the higher elevations, above 3000 feet.

Vol. 92, No. 2. March & April 1981 63

Drosophila chagrinensis Stalker and Spencer is a quite rare species of the subgenus Hirtodrosophila, only a few specimens of which have been reported from Ohio, Wisconsin and Iowa (Strickberger, 1962). In September 1980 I reared a single female chagrinensis from a jelly fungus (Tremella sp.) that was collected along Six-Mile Creek, Dryden-Caroline. New York, elev. 1370 ft.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I thank the National Park Service and especially Dr. Gary Larson of the Uplands Field Research Lab. Great Smoky Mountains National Park, for the opportunity to conduct field research in the park. Dr. William L. Brown. Jr. offered valuable advice on the preparation of the manuscript. An anonymous reviewer pointed out the discrepancy with Hsu ( 1949). and suggested the discussion of the distribution of the ordinaria species group. I thank Steven Sierigk for preparing initial illustrations, which I modified slightly to produce Figs. 1-3. This research was conducted while I was an NSF Predoctoral Fellow, and was supported in part by NSF Grant DEB-7922141 to Dr. Peter F. Brussard.

LITERATURE CITED

Hsu, T.C. 1949. The external genital apparatus of male Drosophilidae in relation to systematics. Studies in the Genetics of Drosophila VI. Univ. of Texas Publ. 4920: 80- 142.

Strickberger, M.W. 1962. Experiments in genetics with Drosophila. John Wiley and Sons. New York 144 p.

BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED

FLIES OF THE NEARCTIC REGION. Graham C.D. Griffiths, ed. 1 980. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nagele u. Obermiller). Stuttgart. Available in USA from Lubreclu & Cramer. RFD 1. Box 227. Monticello. N.Y. 12701.

A new series of definitive reference works intended to be a counterpart to the Palaearctic series. This new series is planned to consolidate the achievements of No. American dipterology during the present century and provide a sound basis for continuing progress during the next. It is hoped the work can be completed by the year 2000.

FLIES OF THE NEARCTIC REGION. Vol. I. Part 1. HISTORY OF NEARCTIC DIPTEROLOGY. Alan Stone. 1980. 62 pp. $38.80.

A very appropriate and interesting handbook to introduce the new series. Section headings include: 1. Introduction. 2. Major Entomological Publications (a review). 3. History of the Families of Diptera. (with references cited), 4. The Generic Names of Meigen. and 5. Some Leading Specialists, containing brief biographical sketches of 56 authors who have proposed more than 100 names for Nearctic Diptera. (with references cited).

FLIES OF THE NEARCTIC REGION. Vol. V. Part 1 3. BOMBYLIIDAF. No. 1 Jack C. Hall & Neil L. Evenhuis. 1980. 96 pp. $44.40

This No. 1 volume deals entirely with a systematic review of the genus Bombylius, with a key to nearctic species.

64 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

TREEHOPPERS (HOMOPTERAiMEMBRACIDAE) COLLECTED AT MULTIPLE LEVELS IN A DECIDUOUS WOODLOT IN DELAWARE1 2

Charles E. Mason , Jenella E. Loye

ABSTRACT: Fifty-five species of Membracidae were collected by handpicking, sweeping and sticky-cylinder trapping. The latter occurred at levels ranging from 1-27 m above ground level and produced 82% of the species collected. Most species (53) were taken at levels of 3 m or less by the combination of methods. Some species were collected most abundantly at levels of 6-27 m.

Other than Bray and Triplehorn (1953), little attention has been given to the treehopper fauna of Delaware until recently. Bray and Triplehorn (1953) found 9 species of treehoppers in their survey of red and pin oak. Mason and Loye (1981) listed 61 species in the state and reported on a number of plant associations.

This study was initiated to survey the membracid species in a deciduous woodlot located at the University of Delaware. It was decided that some trapping should be done at a range of levels extending from the ground to the forest canopy. This was to ensure that tree dwelling species would be represented in the survey.

We are not aware of any publications on the systematic collection of treehoppers at various heights in wooded habitats. Kopp and Yonke ( 1970) reported on treehopper species collected by various methods, including sticky-boards placed in trees at unspecified heights as well as near ground level, but no separation was made between species taken near ground level and in trees.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

The study was conducted from May to October, 1978, and May to August, 1979, at the Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology woodlot located on the University of Delaware Agricultural Research

'Received October 14, 1980.

"Published with the approval of the Director of the Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station as Miscellaneous Paper No. 92 1; contribution No. 501 of the Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.

" Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology, University of Delaware. Newark, Delaware 1971 1.

Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman 73019.

ENT. NEWS 92(2): 64-68

Vol. 92, No. 2, March & April 1981 65

Farm in Newark, DE. The woodlot is a 40 acre densely wooded area with Liriodendron tulipifera, Acer nibnim, Liquidambar styraciflua, and Quercus sp. as the predominant species.

Sticky-cylinder traps were maintained at several locations representing as many different plant associations as practical. The traps were placed at various heights and kept at these levels throughout the study, except when being serviced. The number of traps at each height was as follows: 9 traps at 1 m; 5 traps at each level of 3 m, 6 m, and 9 m: and 2 traps at each level of 1 2 m. 15m, 1 8 m, 2 1 m, 24 m. and 27m. The traps at 2 1 m. 24 m, and 27m were added in 1979.

Cylindrical sticky traps were selected since Adlerz ( 1 976 ) found no difference between this type and vertical sticky boards for numbers of aphid species captured. Each cylinder consisted of a 30 cm length of 10 cm diameter Crestline plastic drain pipe. The outer surface of each drain pipe was painted with Xry'on flourescent yellow spray paint. A piece of transparent Tefla/ plastic, cut to fit the outer surface of the cylinder, was attached to the cylinder with paper clips and then coated with Tanglefoot adhesive. Sticky-cylinder traps were secured to wooden stakes at the 1 m level. At levels from 3-27 m, the traps were attached to ropes which were suspended from pulleys afixed to tree branches. The ropes were maintained from the pulleys so that the traps could be raised to the desired height for the trapping period and lowered for servicing. The end of the portion of rope attached to the trap was tied so that the trap was maintained in a vertical position. The free portion of the rope was tied at an angle to keep it from contacting the sticky surface of the trap.

The sticky-cylinder traps were serviced by removing treehoppers and recoating with adhesive. Adhesive was removed from specimens by washing them in xylene. Servicing was conducted each week during 1978. Because specimens and adhesive were retained in excellent condition for a longer period, servicing was performed at two week intervals in 1979.

Additional collections were made from low level vegetation by sweeping with a standard 30 cm insect net and by handpicking specimens directly from the plant.

Membracid specimens were preserved in alcohol or pinned, identified and placed in the Entomological Collection at the University of Delaware.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A total of 5 5 membracid species was collected in this study . The species are listed in Table 1 along with the total number of adults taken at each level of sticky-cylinder traps and those captured by handpicking and sweeping from vegetation near ground level. The number of species taken in our study is analogous with that of Dennis and Dicke (1953) where 50 species were collected in a 150-200 acre arboretum in Wisconsin.

66 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Of the total species collected, 82% were taken by sticky-cylinder traps. Of this category, 64% of the species were trapped within the levels of 6-27 m. Also, 82% of the trapped species were taken at the single level of 1 m.

More species (85%) were collected by handpicking and sweeping than all sticky traps combined. Similarly, Kopp and Yonke (1970) found sweeping and handpicking to be the most productive collecting method.

Only two species, Glossonotus crataegi (Fitch) and Telamona \\~estcotti Coding, involving three specimens, were taken solely within the levels of 6- 27 m. Given sufficient numbers of each species, it may be concluded that nearly all treehopper species can be collected in the 0-3 m space of a wooded area.

When considering the species collected most abundantly on sticky- cylinder traps (Table 2), three distinct patterns of height can be seen. Entylia carinata (Forster), Acutalis tartarea (Say) and Micrutalis calva (Say) were most abundant at the 1 m level. Telamona decorata Ball and T. monticola (F.) were most frequently taken from traps at high levels of 6-27 m. Cyrtolobus tuberosus (Fairmaire) and C. dixianus Woodruff were spread across levels of 1-15 m.

This study has shown that, when surveying for treehopper species in a wooded area by handpicking, sweeping and sticky-cylinder trapping, few additional species may be gained by placing sticky-cylinder traps 6 m or higher above the ground. However, some tree dwelling species can be more abundantly collected at the higher levels, which gives an indication of population stratification in a deciduous forest.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish to acknowledge Duane Flynn of Michigan State University and James P. Kramer of the U.S. National Museum for their assistance in making species determinations and for their helpful suggestions.

LITERATURE CITED

Adlerz, W.C. 1976. Comparison of aphids trapped on vertical sticky board and cylindrical

aphid traps and correlation with watermelon mosaic virus 2 incidence. J. Econ. Entomol.

69:495-498. Bray, D.F. and C.A. Triplehorn. 1953. Survey of the insect fauna of red and pin oaks in

Delaware. Univ. Delaware Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 297. 28p. Dennis, C.J., and R.J. Dicke. 1953. The Membracidae of the University of Wisconsin

Arboretum. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters 42:131-141. Kopp, D.D., and T.R. Yonke. 1970. Annotated List of treehopper species (Homoptera:

Membracidae) of Missouri and evaluation of collection methods. Trans. Missouri Acad.

Sci. 4:76-83. Mason, C.E. and J.E. Loye. 1981. An Annotated List of Treehoppers (Homoptera:

Membracidae) of Delaware. Entomol. News. 92:1:33-37.

Vol. 92, No. 2, March & April 1981

67

Table 1. Total number of adult treehoppers collected in the University of Delaware

Woodlot during 1978 and 1979.

Species

Acutalis tanarea (Say)

A rchasia belfragei Stal

Atymna castaneae (Fitch)

A. querei (Fitch)

Campylenchia talipes (Say)

Carynuta mcra (Say)

Cyrtolobus arcuatus (Emmons)

C. auroreus Woodruff

C. discoidalis (Emmons)

C. dixianus Woodruff

C. fulginosus (Emmons)

C. funkhoiiseri Woodruff

C. fuscipennis VanDuzee

C. inermis (Emmons)

C. maculifrontis (Emmons)

C. ova t us VanDuzee

C. pallidifrontis (Emmons)

C. pulchellus Woodruff

C. tuberosus (Fairmaire)

C. van (Say)

Enchenopa binoiaia (Say)

Entylia carinaia (Forster)

Glossonoius acuminatus (F.)

G. craiaegi (Fitch)

Hadrophallus boreal is

(Fairmaire)

Heli riu cristata (Fairmaire) H. molaris (Butler) Helonica excelsa (Fairmaire) Micrutalis calva (Say) Ophiderma definite] Woodruff O. evelyna Woodruff O. Jlava Coding O. flavicephala Coding O. pubescens (Emmons) Plaiycotis vilta ta (F.) Publilia reticulata VanDuzee Smilia camelus (F.) Slictocepfiala bisonia Kopp &

Yonke

S. brevity Ins (VanDuzee) S. diceros (Say) S. litteu (Walker) 5. taurina (Fitch)

Hand- Picking/

Sticky-cylinder traps

eepin

g 1m

3m 6m 9m 12m 15m 18m 21m 24m 27m

64

132

8

1

2311

3

29

11

5113 1 1

47

3

2 1 3

1

19

1

1 7

7

3

19

12

13 20 3 6 2

6

13

5 5 1

2

1 1

3

2

1

3

2

4

3

9

12

2

29

2

9 10 5 3

1

30

1 1

32 19 8 1

22

8

1 7 1

12

5

4

24

190

1 3

5

1

1 1 11

1

11

5

1

4

2

1 1 1

7

89

6

2

6

1

3

2

2

27

2

1 1 2

9

5

3 2

21

1

1

14

13

3

9

1

9

1 1

5

1

2

4

68 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Hand- Sticky-cylinder traps Species Picking/

Sweeping 1m 3m 6m 9m 12m I5m 18m 21m 24m 27m

Telamona ampelopsidis (Harris) 2 2 1

/: cullina (Walker) 1

T. decora ta Ball 3 4 1 21 24 17 23 I 2 7 2

T. extrema Ball 3 1 1

r. monticolu (F.) 19 3 29 8 5 13 5 1 1 1

T. liliac Ball 5

T. unico/or Fitch 3 2 3171 1

T. \\'cstcotii Coding 1 1

T/ielia bimaculuta (F.) 2

Vanduzeea arquata (Say) 28

Xantholobiis intermedius

(Emmons) 1

X. la tern Us VanDuzee 1 241

X. nuiliciis (F.) 14 1 8 15 1

Table 2. Most abundantly captured treehopper species on sticky-cylinder traps for the duration of the study in the University of Delaware Woodlot during 1978-79.

Total Mean number of treehoppers per trap Species of all

Traps 1m 3m 6m 9m 12m 15m 18m 21m 24m 27m

Hntylia carinaia 194 21.1 0.20.6

Acutalis tartarea 132 14.7

Telamona dccorala 102 0.40.24.24.8 8.5 11.5 0.5 1.0 3.5 1.0

Micruialis calm 89 9.9

Cvrtolobus ntberosns 71 1.26.43.81.6 0.5

Telamona monticola 66 0.3 5.8 1.6 2.5 6.5 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Cvnolobus dixianns 56 1.32.64.00.6 3.0 1.0

Vol. 92, No. 2. March & April 1981 69

DIPTERA LARVAE (EMPIDIDAE AND

CHIRONOMIDAE) IN TRICHOPTERA PUPAL

CASES (GLOSSOSOMATIDAE AND

LIMNEPHILIDAE)'

William S. Vinikour~, Richard V. Anderson'

ABSTRACT: Larvae of Empididae and Chironomidae ( Diptera) were collected from pupal cases of the Trichoptera species Glossosoma intermedium, Hesperophylax designatus. and Neophvlax concinnus. Partially consumed caddisflies within several cases containing empidids verifies implications in the literature that dance flies feed upon immature caddisflies (ectoparasitism). Eukiefferiella was the most frequently encountered midge within trichopteran pupal cases, with Curvnoncura. Cricolopus, and Polypedilum also observed. It was concluded that the midges occupied the cases to obtain detrital food and to escape current and/or predators, rather than to prey upon the caddisflies (inquilinism). These interactions, particularly when parasitic, may contribute to the regulation of caddisfly populations.

Direct relationships between Diptera and Trichoptera are poorly known. Published reports suggest inquilinism, sometimes accompanied by ectoparasitism, with either Chironomidae (Gallepp, 1974; Parker and Voshell, 1979) or Empididae (Knutson and Flint, 1971; 1979) occurring within Trichoptera pupal cases. Our studies support these findings and add to the list of chironomid inhabitants and infested trichopteran species.

STUDY SITE AND METHODS

Trichoptera were collected from two spring and seepage-fed brooks at Trout Park Nature Preserve (Elgin Botanical Garden). Elgin. Illinois, USA, which is a 10.5-hectare tract along the east bluff of the Fox River. Brook widths ranged from <0.3 to 2 m with depths from <5.0 cm to - 1 .0 m. Water temperatures at the springs were ~- 1 1 .0 C. Sampling dates were April 7. April 25, and May 6, 1980. Trichoptera were collected by hand and stored individually in vials with 70% ethyl alcohol. The pupal cases were opened under a dissecting microscope. The caddisflies were classified as prepupae (here including true prepupae and pupal stages prior to larval- pupal ecdysis) or pupae (period beginning with larval-pupal ecdysis) (see Wiggins, 1977). Occurrence of dipterans in the cases were noted, and midges mounted for identifications. Identification followed Hilsenhoff (1975) (Diptera) and Ross (1944) (Trichoptera).

'Received October 30. 1980.

"Argonne National Laboratory, Division of Environmental Impact Studies. Argonne, Illinois 60439.

2/ (

^Western Illinois University, Department of Biological Sciences. Macomb. Illinois 61455.

ENT. NEWS 92(2): 69-74

70 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

On April 7, 1 980, two of 24 pupal cases of Hesperophylax designatus (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) and two of 32 cases of Glossosoma inter- medium (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) contained an Empididae larva. The empidid larvae were within decomposed remains of//, designatus but outside of the intact pupal cocoons in G. intermedium. Two sediment- ladened Glossosoma pupal cases (without the caddisfly) contained a larva of Cricotopus (Chironomidae) in one case and Eukiefferiella (Chironomidae) in the other. Flint (1980, personal communication) stated that it is not uncommon to observe Chironomidae inhabiting sediment-filled trichopteran cases that have been abandoned by the caddisfly. Our findings prompted a more intensive search for dipterans inhabiting pupal cases of these two trichopteran species. A total of 42 prepupae and 66 pupae of G. intermedium and 25 prepupae and 38 pupae of H. designatus were collected from the brooks, April 25, 1980.

Occurrence of Diptera within the caddisfly pupal cases are summarized in Tables 1 (for Glossosoma) and 2 (for Hesperophylax). Chironomids were encountered more frequently than empidids, with Glossosoma

Table 1. Occurrence of Diptera within pupal cases of Glossosoma intermedium.

Cases Containing Cases Containing Total Cases

Stream Chironomidae Empididae Examined % Infestation

Prepupae

1 12 2 32 43.8

2 1 0 11 9.1

Pupae

18 7* 20 70.0

2 15 0 46 32.6

*One case with an empidid and a chironomid.

Table 2. Occurrence of Diptera within pupal cases of Hesperophylax designatus.

Cases Containing Cases Containing Total Cases

Stream Chironomidae Empididae Examined % Infestation

Prepupae

10 0 8 0.0

2 0 0 17 0.0

Pupae

18 1 24 37.5

2 7 0 14 50.0

Vol. 92, No.2, March & April 1981 71

generally having a higher rate of infestation than Hesperophylax. The latter observation is due in part to the greater ease of penetration between stones (or under the sides) of Glossosoma cases compared to those of Hesperophylax. Additionally, Glossosoma were collected on the tops or sides of cobble in the main stream where Diptera would more likely seek trichopteran cases to escape the current. In contrast, Hesperophylax was collected from crevices on the undersides of wood debris (areas already protected from main current velocities). Complete closure of the Hesperophylax case in preparation for pupation would also increase the difficulty of case entry by dipterans.

Glossosoma prepupae and pupae from Stream 1 had a higher per- centage of infestation than did those from Stream 2 (Table 1 ). The major environmental difference between the two streams was that Stream 1 had a large quantity of watercress and fallen logs which allowed pools containing finely deposited sediments to develop. Larger populations of dipterans could inhabit these pooled areas in comparison to the normally en- countered, fast-flowing riffle areas. From each respective stream. Glossosoma cases containing pupae had a higher percentage of infestation than did those containing prepupae. Time lapsed between development from prepupae to pupae (age-factor) would allow for an increased potential for case invasion by the dipterans. Similarly, no Hesperophylax prepupae were infested, while 37.5 and 50.0% of the pupae from Stream 1 and Stream 2 respectively, contained dipterans (Table 2).

Empidids were only encountered in pupal cases collected from Stream 1. Historically, this stream has received the greatest disturbance due to storm sewer runoff (Unzicker and Sanderson. 1974). Impacts have included erosion and subsequent tree fall which have created pooled areas, decreased sediment size, and increased amounts of filamentous algae and wood debris in the stream. These conditions provide preferred habitats for larval empidids (see Merritt and Cummins, 1978). During drift or random movement, the empidids can encounter and infest trichopteran cases. Empidids may also enter glossosomatid cases in search of midges as a food source. The high infestation rates of Glossosoma cases by midges, accompanied by high densities of Glossosoma, could provide an abundant food resource for the empidids. The midges are easier to prey upon than the glossosomatids. as the empidid would have to penetrate the sheath of the pupal cocoon to feed on the caddisfly. In most instances when empidids were found, the sheath of the glossosomatid cocoon was intact. Only once were two empidids found in a Glossosoma case. In one instance an empidid was associated with a larval Glossosoma within a case from which the ventral strap had been removed in preparation for pupation. Therefore, the potential exists for empidid predation upon larval cnddisflies in the field, a fact that has been observed in the laboratory bv Sommerman ( 1962).

72 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

The observation of several partially consumed caddisfly specimens in Hesperophylax pupal cases containing empidids confirms Knutson and Flints' findings (1971, 1979) that empidids do feed upon Trichoptera. Their observations of pupal empidids within the cocoons of glossosomatid and rhyacophilid pupal cases leads to speculation as to whether the Trichoptera died from crowding or from predation. The small size of the empidid larva relative to both the pupal and case size of H. designatus (e.g. empidid larval length <3.0 mm and Hesperophylax larval and pupal lengths > 15.0 mm) would preclude the crowding option in favor of predation (ectoparasitism), at least for this species of Trichoptera.

Of midges collected from pupal caddisfly cases, Eukiefferiella was most prevalent, with Corynoneura encountered in two cases from each trichopteran species (Table 3). A Polypedilum and a Cricotopus were each collected from separate Glossosoma cases. In most instances only one midge was found in a case. However, on April 25 over 10% of the cases contained more than one midge (five glossosomatid cases contained two to three midges and two Hesperophylax cases contained two midges). The caddisflies in cases occupied by midges were seldom injured or dead. This may be due to the smaller instar or species sizes of the midges usually encountered. Gallepp (1974) found Brachycentrus occidentalis pupae to be seldom damaged when cases contained early instar Eukiefferiella. Given adequate development time the Eukiefferiella could result in the death of the host trichopteran (particularly Glossosoma) by crowding in the manner reported by Gallepp ( 1974). Considering the algal and detrital food preferences for the collected midges (Roback, 1953; Darby, 1962; Oliver, 1971), it would appear that the midges entered the trichopteran cases to escape the current or predators and/or to obtain non-trichopteran food resources rather than to prey upon the caddisfly. This is supported by our observations of diatoms in the gut contents of some of the midges and by the apparent lack of damage to most of the caddisfly specimens.

Further support of the inquilmous nature of midge larvae was obtained on May 6, 1980. Glossosoma pupal cases were again found to contain

Table 3. Chironomidae within Pupal Cases of G. intermedium and H. designatus.

Chironomidae (Percentage) Trichoptera Stream 1 Stream 2

Glossosoma intermedium Eukiefferiellu (95.0) Eukiefferiella (81.3)

Cricotopus ( 5.0) Corynoneura (12.5)

Polypedilum ( b.2)

Hesperophylax designatus Eukiefferiella (87.5) Eukiefferiella (85.7)

Corynoneura (12.5) Corynoneura (14.3)

Vol. 92, No. 2. March & April 1981 73

Eukiefferiella. However, an empty, sediment-ladened case collected from a different area contained three Cricotopus larvae. In this are Cricotopus was the dominant midge found in the substrate. In all other areas, especially where the April collections were made, Eukiefferiella dominated. In addition, on May 6, two prepupal Neophylax concinnus were found, each containing a Eukiefferiella. These were the only N. concinnus cases out of 61 prepupae that contained midges. The compact nature of Neophylax within its case, as well as the tightly bound structure of the case, would make this case more difficult to enter and inhabit. However, once entered it would appear that a midge could more readily crowd the caddisfly, and this could lead to its death. Considering that mode Neophylax final instar larvae diapause for up to several months (Wiggins, 1977), adequate time could pass for midge growth to occur allowing for crowding by the midge larvae. This could ultimately interfere with or inhibit the respiration of the caddisfly.

Thus, the symbiotic midge-caddisfiy interrelationship is a case of inquilinism without accompanying ectoparasitism, being similar to that observed by Gallepp (1974). The interaction between Cardiocladius and Hydropsychidae reported by Parker and Voshell (1979) was both in- quilinism and ectoparasitism, as are the interactions of empidids and trichopterans observed by Knutson and Flint (1971, 1979) and us. We also observed apparent inquilinism involving unidentifiable, immature tubificid worms and Glossosoma, these worms being found in several cases also containing midges.

To date the occurrence of Diptera within Trichoptera pupal cases has been seldom reported. However, considering the geographical range of the reports, i.e. South America (Knutson and Flint, 1971; 1979), Wisconsin (Gallepp, 1974), Virginia (Parker and Voshell, 1979), and Illinois (present study), it would appear that symbiotic relationships between these two orders commonly occur but are often overlooked in collections. Con- sidering the percentage of pupal caddisflies infested, i.e. 32% (Gallepp. 1974), as much as 61% (Parker and Voshell, 1979). and up to 75% in our study, these interactions may significantly affect the numbers of caddisflies reaching maturity. Therefore, dipterans may play an important role in regulation of trichopteran population sizes, especially in a situation such as that present at Trout Park where populations of large predatory insects and fish are low (Vinikour and Anderson, 1980).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank the Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, the Illinois Department of Conservation, and the City of Elgin for permission to collect at Trout Park. The Institute ot Environmental Management, Western Illinois University provided partial financial support. We also appreciate the reviews and comments of Drs. John E. Zapotosky and Lawrence A. Jahn.

74 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

LITERATURE CITED

Darby, R.E. 1962. Midges associated with California rice fields, with special reference to

their ecology (Diptera: Chironomidae). Hilgardia 32: 1-206. Gallepp, G.W. 1974. Behavioral ecology of Brachycentrus occidentalis Banks during the

pupation period. Ecol. 55: 1283-1294. Hilsenhoff, W.L. 1975. Aquatic insects of Wisconsin with generic keys and notes on biology.

ecology, and distribution. Wisconsin Dept. Nat. Res., Tech. Bull. No. 89, 53 pp. Knutson, L.V. and O.S. Flint, Jr. 1971. Pupae of Empididae in pupal cocoons of

Rhyacophilidae and Glossosomatidae ( Diptera-Trichoptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.

73(3): 314-320. . 1979. Do dance flies feed on caddisflies'.' -- Further

evidence (Diptera: Empididae: Trichoptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 81(1): 32-

33. Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins (eds.). 1978. An introduction to the aquatic insects of

North America. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. Dubuque. 441 pp. Oliver, D.R. 1971. Life history of the Chironomidae. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 16: 21 1-230. Parker, C.R. and J.R. Voshell, Jr. 1979 Cardiocladius (Diptera: Chironomidae) larvae

ectoparasitic on pupae of Hydropsychidae (Trichoptera). Environm. Entomol. 8: 808-

809. Roback, S.S. 1953. Savannah River tendipedid larvae (Diptera: Tendipedidae (=Chironomidae)|.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 115: 91-132. Ross, H.H. 1944. The caddis flies, or Trichoptera, of Illinois. Bull. 111. Nat. Hist. Surv..

23(1): 1-326. Sommerman, K.M. 1962 Notes on two species ofOreogeton predaceous on black fly larvae

(Diptera: Empididae and Siinuliidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 54: 123-129. Unzicker, J.D. and M.W. Sanderson. 1974. Untitled report to Illinois Nature Preserves

Commission from the Illinois State Natural History Survey on their examination of Elgin

Botanical Gardens (Trout Park). Dated July 10, 1974. 2 pp. typed. Vinikour, W.S. and R.V. Anderson. 1980. First confirmed records offish (Cotlns bairdi)

from Trout Park Nature Preserve ( Elgin Botanical Gardens) since park perturbation by I-

90 construction, 1957. Trans. 111. Acad. Sci. 72(2): 97-99. Wiggins, G.B. 1977. Larvae of the North American caddisfly genera (Trichoptera).

University of Toronto Press. Toronto, 401 pp.

Vol. 92, No. 2, March & April 1981 75

THE IDENTITY AND STATUS OF CAMBALA

WASHINGTONENSIS CAUSEY (DIPLOPODA:

SPIROSTREPTIDA: CAMBALIDAE)1

Rowland M. Shelley2

ABSTRACT: The recent examination of a mature male, near topotype of Cambala washingtonensis Causey from Whitman County, Washington, resolves the long standing problems of the status and identity of this nominal species. It is definitely referable to Cambala and is sufficiently distinct from the six known species in the eastern and central United States to be accorded full specific rank. The posterior gonopod of washingtonensis is closest in form to that of C. speobia (Chamberlin), of Texas and adjacent states. However, the two species are distinguished by size of telopodite, apical configuration of the anterior coxal lobe, and relative lengths of the anterior and posterior coxal lobes. Forms of speobia in southern Colorado differ from those in Texas in having a reduced telopodite and more nearly equal anterior and posterior coxal lobes, suggesting a geographical trend toward washingtonensis character states in a northwesterly direction. A third locality for washingtonensis is confirmed in southwestern Oregon.

The identity of Cambala washingtonensis has been unknown since 1954, when Causey described the milliped from a female specimen. The type locality is Wilma. Whitman County, Washington (erroneously reported by Causey as being in Garfield County). Although the holotype is a female and the male gonopods have never been illustrated or described, puzzling statements about the identity of washingtonensis have appeared in the literature. For example. Causey (1964) diagnosed C. reddelli, now considered a synonym of C. speobia (Chamberlin), as being "a polytypic species near C. washingtonensis in the form of the gonopods," and later in this paper reiterated that there was very little difference between the gonopods of the two species. Since the configuration of the posterior gonopods of males is the only reliable character for specific identifications (Shelley 1979), the basis for these early statements is obscure. In the same paper. Causey reported the genus from western Washington and northern Idaho. Since no Idaho localities have ever been recorded for any species of Cambala, however, one must assume that this citation was based on the presence of washingtonensis in a neighboring part of Washington.

In 1979 I summarized the confusion surrounding washingtonensis and decided that, although its identity was unknown, it was probably referrable to Cambala. Chamberlin and Hoffman (1958) had earlier suggested that washingtonensis might not be congeneric with the eastern species of

'Received November 5. 1980.

2North Carolina State Museum of Natural History. P.O. Box 27647. Raleigh. North Carolina 276 1 1 .

ENT. NEWS 92(2): 75-78

76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Cambala, but gave no reason for this supposition. My conclusion was based on a small sample of crested male cambaloids from Drain, Douglas County, Oregon, whose external ornamentation was very similar to that of such eastern species as C. minor Bollman and C. ochra Chamberlin, and whose posterior gonopods were similar in configuration to those of speobia. This material, from southwestern Oregon, suggested that washingtonensis, in southeastern Washington, might be a species of Cambala and that it might even be a synonym of speobia. However, since no specimens were available from southeastern Washington, the only recourse was to retain washingtonensis as a valid species of Cambala until topotypical or near topotypical males could be collected. At that time the type of washing- tonensis was absent from its published repository, the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), and no material identified as washingtonensis was available in the Causey material donated in 1976 to the Florida State Collection of Arthropods (FSCA).

Dr. Causey died in October 1979, and the remainder of her collection, which she had retained, has been transferred to the FSCA. I recently sorted this additional material and discovered both the holotype of washington- ensis and a male specimen from Albion, Whitman County, Washington, labeled "Male Homeotype, fide Causey 1964." The latter milliped was undissected, and the gonopods were recessed within the 7th segment, their normal position. Hence, this male could not have supported her published comments of 1964 about the similarities between the gonopods of washingtonensis and reddelli, and the basis for these remarks remains a mystery. Since it was identified by Causey, the author of the species, this individual is a metatype rather than a homeotype. Its collection from Albion, 46 km (37 mi) N Wilma, is close enough to the type locality to satisfy the near topotypical requirement, considering how little sampling has been done in this region. Consequently, the identity and status of washingtonensis can now be resolved, some 26 years after the species' description.

Figures 1 and 2 illustrate lateral views of the left posterior gonopods of a male of speobia from Texas, and the metatype of washingtonensis, respectively. As can be seen, the telopodite (t) of washingtonensis is much smaller than that of speobia and the length of the anterior coxal lobe ( acl ) of washingtonensis is subequal to that of the posterior coxal lobe (pel), whereas in speobia the acl is shorter. Furthermore, the acl of washing- tonensis is apically curved and directed submediad, whereas that of speobia is straight and points more anteriorly. These illustrations leave no doubt that washingtonensis is indeed referable to Cambala, and it also is sufficiently different from speobia to warrant full specific rank. The males from Drain, Oregon, agree closely with the metatype, and this site can now be confirmed as the third known locality for the species. The range of

Vol. 92, No. 2, March & April 1981

77

washingtonensis therefore extends from southwestern Oregon to south- eastern Washington; its occurrence in Idaho awaits verification.

Despite the aforementioned differences between washingtonensis and speobia, they could be geographic races of a single species with a wide distribution in the central and western United States. A sample of speobia from Huerfano County, Colorado, differs from that illustrated in figure 1 in having a reduced telopodite and more nearly equivalent coxal lobes, suggesting a geographical trend toward washingtonensis character states in a northwesterly direction. More material must be collected from inter- vening locations between Washington and Texas, however, before such a determination can be made. The central Rocky Mountains in particular should be thoroughly investigated to ascertain the distribution and identity of its cambaloid forms. A sample containing only females in the North Carolina State Museum (NCSM) collection from Custer County, Colorado, adjacent to Huerfano County, suggests that Cambala may be common in the southern mountains of that state. Complete data citations for known localities of washingtonensis and the new Colorado ones for speobia are listed below.

Figs. 1-2. 1. left posterior gonopod of Cambala speobia from Sonora. Sutton Co.. TX. lateral view. 2, left posterior gonopod of metatype male of C. washingtonensis, lateral view. Setation omitted from both figures, acl, anterior coxal lobe: pel, posterior coxal lobe: t. telopodite. Scale line = 0.1 mm.

78 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Cambala washingtonensis Causey

WASHINGTON: Whitman Co.. Wiltna. F, 22 April 1935, M. H. Hatch (AMNH)3 TYPE LOCALITY: and Albion, M. 1 1 October 1950, D. Johnson (FSCA). OREGON: Douglas Co., Drain, 2M, 4 March 1967. V. Roth (AMNH).

Cambala speobia (Chamberlin)

COLORADO: Huerfano Co., 38.4 km (24 mi) W Walsenburg. several MM and FF, 22 August 1959. C.C.Hofff AMNH). CusterCo.. South Hardscrabble Creek, 6.2 km (3.9 mi) E CO hwy. 165, 2F. 24 May 1979, S.K, Wu (NCSM A3069).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am grateful to Howard V. Weems, Jr., Curator of the FSCA, for the opportunity to peruse the Causey collection now under his care and for the loan of the metatype specimen. Thanks are also extended to Norma I. Platnick, AMNH, for loan of the material from Oregon and Huerfano County, Colorado; and to Shi Kuei Wu, University of Colorado Museum, Boulder, who kindly sent me the sample from Custer County, Colorado. John E. Cooper, N.C. State Museum, critically reviewed a preliminary draft of the manuscript. This research was supported in part by NSF Grant No. DEB 7702596.

LITERATURE CITED

Causey, Nell B. 1954. The millipeds collected in the Pacific northwest by Dr. M.H. Hatch.

Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 47:81-86. . 1964. New cavernicolous millipeds of the family Cambalidae from Texas

and New Mexico. Int. J. Speleol. 7:237-248. Chamberlin, Ralph V. and Richard L. Hoffman. 1 958. Checklist of the millipeds of North

America. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 212. 236 pp. Shelley, Rowland M. 1979. A synopsis of the milliped genus Cambala. with a description of

C. minor Bollman (Spirostreptida: Cambalidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 92:551-571.

The holotype of washingtonensis and those of other species in the Causey collection whose published repository is the AMNH will be transferred there from the FSCA as soon as feasible.

Vol. 92, No. 2, March & April 1981 79

MYIASIS IN AN AMAZONIAN PORCUPINE1

Lawrence A. Lacey,^ Timothy K. George-

ABSTRACT: Myiasis in an Amazonian porcupine, Coendou prehensilis prehensilis ( Linnaeus), is reported for the first time. The authors found a mature female procupine in the Amazon National Park near Urua. Para", Brazil. The subject was heavily infested with the primary screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) and Sarcophaga sp. Although the nose and nasal cavities were the most affected tissues, there was also infestation below the scalp as well as occular involvement.

While participating in the faunistic survey of the Amazon National Park, Tapajos, Brazil on December 15. 1978, the authors encountered an adult female porcupine, Coendou prehensilis prehensilis (Linnaeus) (Rodentia:Erethizontidae) in secondary growth at the edge of primary forest just south of Urua, Para (Km 65 Trans- Amazon Highway). The animal was aware of our presence but made no attempt to escape. Upon closer examination, the subject was apparently partially blind and suffering from an advanced case of nasal myiasis and maggots were observed exiting from the nose and scalp. The porcupine was then killed and the affected areas were examined at close range and dissected. Externally, most of the tissue of the rostrum had been eaten away, one eye was destroyed and the cornea of the other eye was opaque. There were four openings in the scalp and the skull was clearly visible. The affected areas had a strong smell of rotten meat. The entire nasal cavity was infested with muscoid maggots of various sizes. These were collected from the tissues and as they exited the nares and placed in 70% alcohol for future determination. Additionally, the scalp was undermined by maggots almost as far as the occiput.

Two species of flies were removed from the porcupine: third instars of the primary screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Calli- phoridae) and variously aged instars of Sarcophaga sp. (Sarcophagidae). The screwworm was probably the first of the two species to infest the porcupine. C. hominivorax requires a surface wound in order to gain access (Hall, 1974) or in the case of nasal myiasis, a pre-existing pathological condition of the nose (Taylor, 1950). The secondary invader, Sarcophaga sp., may have been attracted due to the fetid nature of the wound. The various sizes of Sarcophaga sp. in the tissues indicated that larviposition was by more than one female and over a few days.

'Received June 14. 1980.

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Brazil. Current address: Insects affecting Man and Animals Research Lab., U.S.D.A.-SEA-AR, P.O. Box 14565, Gainesville. Fl. 32604.

3Peace Corps, Recife. Brazil. Current address: 102 N. Home Ave.. Park Ridge. Illinois 60068.

ENT. NEWS 92(2): 79-80

80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Several families of Calyptrate muscoid flies cause myiasis in a variety of vertebrate hosts. The Cuterebridae, Gastereophilidae and Oestridae are obligatory larval parasites of mammals and the majority of the species are host specific (Zumpt, 1973). Although C. hominivorax and Wohlfahnia spp. (Sarcophagidae) are obligate parasites, most cases of myiasis caused by other calliphorids and sarcophagids are facultative or accidental. Sarcophaga spp. are found in a multitude of niches ranging from scavenging to parasitism of warm-blooded animals (Aldrich, 1916) including faculta- tive parasitism of man (James, 1947). C. hominivorax attacks a wide range of mammalian hosts including domestic and sylvatic animals (Lindquist, 1937; McLean, 1941; Murray and Thompson, 1976; cited by Snow, 1980) as well as man ( Aubertin and Buxton, 1 934; James, 1 947; Scott, 1 964) and death due to untreated advanced cases is common. A significant portion of the cases recorded in man involve invasion of the nasal cavities (Brown, 1945).

Although several sylvatic hosts are recorded for the primary screw- worm, this is the first report of C. hominivorax and Sarcophaga in Coendou.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We are grateful to Dr. R.J. Gagne, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, U.S. National Museum, for determining the fly larvae. We also thank Dr. H. de Souza Lopes, Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro for useful information and comments, and Ms. Barbara Gibbs for typing the manuscript.

REFERENCES

Aldrich, J.M. 1916. Sarcophaga and Allies. Thomas Say Found. 301 pp., 16 plates. Aubertin, D. and P.A. Buxton. 1934. Cochliomyia and myiasis in tropical America. Ann.

Trop. Med. Parasitol. 28:245-255. Brown, E.H. 1945. Screwworm infestation in the nasal passages and pararasal sinuses.

Laryngoscope 55:371-374.

Hall, D.G. 1947. The Blowflies of North America. Thomas Say Found. 477 pp. James, M.T. 1947. The flies that cause myiasis in man. U.S. Dept. Agric., ARS, misc. pub.

631:175 pp. Lindquist, A.W. 1937. Myiasis in wild animals in southwestern Texas. J. Econ. Entomol.

30:735-740.

McLean, D.D. 1941. The screw-worm fly. Calif. Conservationist 6:11, 20-21. Murray, V.I.E. and K. Thompson. 1 976. Myiasis in man and other animals in Trinidad and

Tobago (1972-73). Trop. Ag. 53:263-266. Scott, H.G. 1964. Human myiasis in North America ( 1952-1962 inclusive). Fla. Entomol.

47:255-261. Snow, J.W. 1 980. An annotated bibliography on the screwworm Cochliomyia hominivorax.

USDA, SEA-AR, South. Reg. Res. Report. Taylor, H.M. 1950. Screwworm (Cochliomvia americana) infestation in man. Ann. Otol.

Rhinol. Laryngol. 59:531-540. Zumpt., F. 1973. Diptera parasitic on vertebrates in Africa south of the Sahara and in South

America, and their medical significance. In "Tropical Forest Ecosystems in Africa and

South America: A Comparative Review." B.J. Meggers, E.S. Ayensu and W.D.

Duckworth, eds. Smithsonian Institution Press. 350 pp.

Vol. 92, No. 2, March & April 1981 81

THE GENUS MICROPHADNUS CAMERON IN AUSTRALIA (HYMENOPTERA: POMPILIDAE)1

Howard E. Evans^

ABSTRACT: Microphadnus Cameron is recorded for the first time from Australia, where it is represented by a single known species, antipodes n. sp. (Queensland and New South Wales).

Microphadnus Cameron (1905) is a poorly known genus containing several species of very small wasps having narrow wings with slightly reduced venation as well as fine striae on the posterior part of the propodeum. M. pumilus Costa is widely distributed in southern parts of the Palaearctic region, while M. bico lor Cameron occurs in South Africa. For several years I have been aware that the genus is represented in Australia, and it is the purpose of this paper to record its occurrence on that continent and to describe the single known species. Microphadnus belongs in the tribe Pompilini, not far, I believe, from Pompilus. Plagioceps Haupt ( 1 930) is a synonym.

M. antipodes n. sp. is very similar to both pit milits and bicolot\ differing from the former in having the sides of the propodeal slope much more prominent and ridge-like and the third discoidal cell of the fore wing somewhat wider. In these respects it is more like bicolor, but that species has the legs partly rufous and the distance between the eyes considerably greater than in antipodes. I am not aware that the male terminalia of any species of Microphadnus have previously been described, so those of antipodes are described and figured here.

Microphadnus antipodes n.sp.

(Figs. 1-3)

Female. Length 5 mm; fore wing 4.5 mm. Black, body covered in considerable part with silvery pubescence; head and thorax silvery except pubescence brownish on upper front, vertex, and much of dorsum of thorax and propodeum; legs silvery basally; gaster with prominent silvery bands at apices of tergites 1-3. sternites 1 and 2 mostly silvery. Body devoid of erect setae except for a few bristles on clypeus and mandibles as well as several strong setae on apical segments of gaster. Wings subhy aline, fore wing with a broad dark band over apical third, extending as far as tip of marginal cell.

Head 1 .25 X as wide as high; front narrow, its greatest width 0.5 1 X that of head; clypeus 2.2 X as wide as high, truncate apically; postocellar line 1.3 X ocello-ocular line; vertex passing straight across between tops of eyes. First four antennal segments in a ratio of 4:2:5:5.

Received November 4, 1980.

"Department of Zoology and Entomology. Colorado State University. Fort Collins. Colorado 80523. This research was conducted while the author held a research fellowship at the University of Queensland, St. Lucia. Queensland. Australia.

FNT. NEWS 92(2): 81-83

82

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Figs. 1-3. Microphadnus antipodes n.sp. 1 , wings of 9; 2, d1 genitalia, ventral aspect: 3. cf subgenital plate, ventral aspect.

Vol. 92, No. 2, March & April 1981 83

segment 3 equal to 0.8 X distance between eyes at top. Pronotum elongate, its slope low and even, posterior margin broadly arcuate, weakly angulate at midline; postnotum narrowly exposed medially, otherwise essentially absent; propodeum elongate, with a shallow median sulcus on basal two-thirds, its posterior angles prominent, ridge like: posterior slope of propodeum with delicate, rather widely spaced striae. Tibiae and tarsi spinose, but fore tarsus without a pecten; ultimate tarsal segments each with some weak spines latero-ventrally. Wing venation as figured.

Male. Length 4.8 mm: fore wing 3.4 mm. Coloration as well as distribution of silvery pubescence much as in female; as in that sex. tergites 1 -3 have apical silvery bands, but tergites 5 and 6 also have weaker bands, and ventrally sternite 1 is mostly silvery, sternite 2 has an apical silvery band, and sternite 3 has an incomplete band. Aside from a few bristles on the mandibles, the body has no erect setae whatever. Wing color and venation as in female. Head 1 . 1 2 X as wide as high: greatest width of front 0.59 X head width; clypeus 2.2 X as wide as high, not quite as wide as closest approximation of eyes near bottom, apical clypeal margin truncate; postocellar line slightly exceeding ocello-ocular line. Features of thorax and propodeum essentially as in female. Gaster very slender; subgenital plate slender, especially basally; genitalia without basal hooklets, parameres much exceeding volsellae and aedeagus, as figured.

Holotype 9. allotype cf, 3 paratype 99 and 2 paratype cftf; Eungella National Park. 80 km NW Mackay, Queensland. 16-19 October 1979 (H.E. and M.A. Evans and A. Hook). Paratype cf; Isaacs River, 100 km NE Clermont. Queensland, 20 October 1979 (H.E. and M.A. Evans and A. Hook). Paratype 9: 1 7 km SW Bourke. New South Wales. 1 4 December 1976 (E.M. Exley and T. Low, on weeds). Holotype and allotype in Queensland Museum. Brisbane; paratypes at University of Queensland. St. Lucia: Australian National Insect Collections, Canberra: and British Museum (Natural History). London.

Remarks

The type, allotype, and five paratypes were taken in a field adjacent to montane rain forest. The remaining two specimens were taken at lower elevations and in areas of much lower rainfall. In spite of this, little variation is evident, although the male from Isaacs River is quite small (fore wing 2.8 mm). The occurrence of the species in semidesert areas of New South Wales suggests that it is widely distributed and broadly adapted ecolog- ically. That this is not a ground-nester is suggested by the absence of a pecten on the fore tarsi of the female. Ferton (1897) found that the Palaearctic species pumilus (=Evageles laboriosus Ferton, according to Haupt, 1930) nests in hollow twigs lying on the ground or in empty snail shells, closing off its cells with small stones and bits of debris. The prey of pumilus consists of immature Lycosidae and Salticidae.

LITERATURE CITED

Cameron, P. 1904. On the Hymenoptcra of the Albany Museum. Grahamstown (Second

paper). Rec. Albany Mus. 1:212. Ferton, C. 1 897. Nouvelles observations sur I'instinct des Pompilides ( Hymenopteres). Act.

Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 52: 20. Haupt, H. 1930. Die Einordnungder mil bekannten Psammocharidac mit 2 Cubitalzellen in

mein System. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 16: 777 780.

84 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED

BEEKEEPING IN THE UNITED STATES. E.G. Martin. E. Oertel, N.P. Nye, & others. 1980. U.S. Dep't Agric., Agric. Hnbk. No. 335 (Rev.). 193 pp. Illus.

Some topics included are life history of honey bee, bee behavior, breeding &